edd什么意思| 唾液酸酶阳性是什么意思| 渡情劫是什么意思| 饮片是什么意思| 肺主治节是什么意思| cathy什么意思| 紫菜和海苔有什么区别| 2d是什么意思| 新生儿囟门什么时候闭合| 干将是什么意思| 什么运动能长高| 5月31日是什么星座| 什么物流寄大件便宜| 138是什么意思啊| 白矾和明矾有什么区别| 宝宝为什么喜欢趴着睡| 篱笆是什么意思| 肚子疼去医院挂什么科| 罗非鱼吃什么食物| 金牛座和什么星座不合| 监狱长是什么级别| 雪茄为什么不过肺| 应届生是什么意思| 皮赘用什么药膏去除| 三级护理是什么意思| 胃有幽门螺旋杆菌是什么症状| 早泄阳痿吃什么药| 脚后跟疼是什么情况| ml 什么意思| 维生素C起什么作用| 白砂糖和冰糖有什么区别| 张扬是什么意思| 算五行缺什么免费测试| 挚爱和至爱有什么区别| 五花八门是什么生肖| 距离产生美是什么意思| 弱阳性是什么意思| 外阴炎吃什么药| 眼睛痒是什么原因引起的| 排毒吃什么最好能排脸上毒| 胆大包天是什么生肖| 涛字五行属什么| h的车标是什么牌子| 小孩什么时候换牙| 姐妹是什么意思| 手指甲上有白点是什么原因| 周杰伦为什么叫周董| 勾绞煞是什么意思| 睡觉为什么会磨牙| 老烂腿抹什么药膏最好| 前庭神经炎挂什么科| 梦到吃苹果是什么意思| 为什么的拼音| 夏至什么意思| 七月八日是什么星座| 肾构错瘤要注意什么| 可逆是什么意思| 天王星是什么颜色| 烧烤烤什么好吃| 痢疾吃什么药效果最好| 棉纶是什么面料| 凉粉是用什么做的| 身上长小红点是什么原因| 凉皮用什么面粉| 嗓子不舒服吃什么消炎药| 水军什么意思| 什么是芡实| 梦见别人开车翻车是什么预兆| 尿检能查出什么| 观音菩萨原名叫什么名| 失聪是什么原因造成的| fossil是什么牌子| 肝火旺盛吃什么中成药| lcr是什么意思| 肝脏看什么科室| a型血rh阳性是什么意思| 空你几哇什么意思| 22年属什么生肖| 氟哌噻吨美利曲辛片治什么病| 疑虑是什么意思| 二月份出生的是什么星座| 扁桃体2度是什么意思| 佞臣什么意思| 什么紫| 怀孕了有什么症状| 心肌酶高是什么原因| 血管炎吃什么药最有效| 巫师是什么意思| 真菌镜检阳性是什么意思| 脂肪最终消化成什么| gdp是什么意思啊| 3.15是什么星座| 瞳孔扩散意味着什么| 一月九号是什么星座| 身体乳是什么| 大学毕业送什么花| 皮肤长癣是什么原因引起的| 胃胀是什么原因| 脖子肿大是什么病的症状| 2007年五行属什么| 榻榻米床垫什么材质的好| 早搏吃什么药最管用| 各生欢喜什么意思| 女人梦见蛇预示着什么| amber是什么意思| 胆囊结晶是什么意思| 康复治疗学主要学什么| 西洋参什么时候吃效果最好| 手脱皮擦什么药膏| 女性下体长什么样| 10月10号是什么日子| 摆拍是什么意思| 个人送保是什么意思| 什么拉车连蹦带跳歇后语| 皮肤科属于什么科室| 肚脐眼红是什么原因| 城头土命是什么意思| 痰湿瘀阻是什么症状| 黄飞鸿是什么生肖| 落日余晖什么意思| 面膜含什么成分不能买| 一什么斑点| 满月红鸡蛋用什么染| 蚊子怕什么| rinnai是什么品牌| 痉挛是什么意思啊| 青霉素v钾片治什么病| 什么鲜花填动词| 吃蒸苹果有什么好处| 蛋白尿是什么| 集中的近义词是什么| 女人脚肿是什么原因| 被紫外线灯照到有什么后果呀| 怀孕后壁和前壁有什么区别| 热感冒流鼻涕吃什么药| 宫寒可以吃什么水果| 头痛吃什么药最好| 米加参念什么| 西红柿拌白糖又叫什么| 虾子不能和什么一起吃| 梦见做被子什么意思| 嘴巴长疱疹用什么药| 氨气对人体有什么危害| 玉髓是什么| 獭尾肝是什么病| 龙头龟身是什么神兽| 舌头白吃什么药| 学生近视配什么镜片好| 什么分泌胰岛素| a-l-岩藻糖苷酶偏高是什么原因| 箜篌是什么乐器| 看包皮挂什么科| 一什么浮萍| 女人脚腿肿是什么原因| 母亲过生日送什么礼物| 梦到女儿丢了什么预兆| 英红九号红茶什么档次| 减肥有什么方法| 急性肠胃炎吃什么药效果好| 鼻子挤出来的白色东西是什么| 脂肪肝适合吃什么水果| 什么的小毛虫| 红色裤子配什么上衣好看| 内脏吃多了有什么危害| 恶露是什么| 氟哌噻吨美利曲辛片治什么病| 夏天中暑吃什么药| 婴儿坐高铁需要什么证件| 尿胆原是什么| 鼻涕是绿色的是什么原因| 泡脚去湿气用什么泡最好| 山野是什么意思| 寿眉茶属于什么茶| 赵本山什么时候去世的| 观音成道日是什么意思| 燕窝是什么东西做的| 开五行属性是什么| 四时是什么时辰| 什么是中国| 无可厚非什么意思| kiss什么意思| 人定胜什么| 腰疼是什么病的前兆| 什么是胰岛素| 鼹鼠吃什么| 男生早上为什么会晨勃| 无与伦比是什么意思| 地藏菩萨是管什么的| 作壁上观什么意思| 肛门里面有个肉疙瘩是什么| 小狗需要打什么疫苗| 双子座前面是什么星座| 徒劳无功是什么意思| 上海有什么好玩的| 送女生什么礼物比较好| 小仙女什么意思| 便秘什么意思| 长脚气是什么原因引起的| 女人更年期有什么症状| 皮下水肿是什么原因| 腹泻拉水吃什么药| 为什么不建议治疗幽门螺杆菌| 鸭肫是什么部位| 妇科衣原体感染是什么病| 梳头发有什么好处| NG是什么| 什么的英语单词| 吃鹅蛋对孕妇有什么好处| 瞳孔放大意味着什么| 植物园里有什么植物| 氧化是什么意思| 心律不齐是什么病| 严重失眠吃什么药管用| 9月14是什么星座| 烟青色是什么颜色| 冬天送什么礼物| 中暑是什么症状| 高抬腿运动有什么好处| 天津为什么叫天津卫| 吃什么能治疗早射| 心率过快会有什么后果| 血糖高吃什么肉最好| 芙蓉粉是什么颜色| 鸟屎掉身上有什么预兆| 大姨妈一个月来两次是什么原因| 1972年出生属什么生肖| 跳蚤怕什么东西| 九月二十四号是什么星座| 泪点低什么意思| 宫颈病变有什么症状| 女性尿路感染什么原因引起的| 男人吃什么| 人格魅力是什么意思| 一九九七年属什么生肖| 复出是什么意思| 扒灰什么意思| 告诉我们什么道理| 吃什么可降低胆固醇| 阴茎是什么| xpe是什么材质| 鹅蛋孕妇吃有什么好处| 什么时间段买机票最便宜| 纳囊是什么妇科病| 薏米不能和什么一起吃| 去取环前需做什么准备| 六娃的能力是什么| 喝什么茶养肝护肝| 什么叫安全期| ket是什么| 为什么手术服是绿色的| 便士是什么意思| 香菇和什么不能一起吃| 黄鼠狼进屋是什么兆头| 遣返回国有什么后果| 老是放屁什么原因| 紧急避孕药有什么副作用| 胆囊结石会引起身体什么症状| 你什么我什么| 单方精油和复方精油有什么区别| 巴基斯坦用什么语言| 老年人腿无力是什么原因导致的| 海参不能和什么一起吃| 为什么血是红色的| alike是什么意思| 百度???? ??

酥油花展现藏地指尖上的技艺

????, ?? ??? ????.
? ??? 2022??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ????? ??
???-????? ??? ??

     ?????? ?? ?? ??      ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ??
??2022? 2? 24? ~ ??
??
?????, ???, ??
?? ?? ?
???
 ????? ?????
???
??
 ????  ??????
??
?? ? ?? ??:
169,000?~190,000?[c][5][6][7]
?? ? ? ??:
??? 900,000?[8]
??? 554,000?[8]
2023? 2? ??:
????? ?? ?? 300,000? ??[9]		 ?? ? ? ??:
??? 196,600?[10]
??? 102,000?[10]
2022? 7? ? ??:
700,000? ??[11]
2023? 9? ? ??:
800,000? ??[12]
???-????? ??
?? ??
?? ??

???? ????? ??(????: Вторжение России на Украину, ??????: Рос?йське вторгнення в Укра?ну, ??: Russian invasion of Ukraine)? 2022? 2? 24? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ???-????? ??? ????. 2022? 2? 24?, ???? ?????? ????. ?? 2014?? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???.[13][14][15] ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. 2025? ??, ????? ????? ??? ? 20%? ???? ??. 4,100? ?? ?? ? ? 800? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, 2023? 4??? 820? ? ??? ??? ???? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????.

2021? ??, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? NATO ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????.[16] ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?, 2022? 2? 24?, ??? ??? ????? ??? "?? ?? ??"? ????. ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??? 2014??? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? "???? ? ????"?? ???? ???.[17][18][19][20] ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ????, ????? ????, ????? ?? ??? ????.

????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? 2022? 4??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ????. 2022? ??, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??? 4? ?? ????? ????. 11??? ?????? ???? ????. 2023? 6?, ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???. 2024? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?, ?????? 8?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? 4,500? ??? ????.[21][22][23]

?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[24][25][26][27] ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??????? (ICC)? ??? ?? ?, ?? ??, ????? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ICC? ??? ?? 5?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.

??

[??]
 ???-????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.

??? ???? ??

[??]
1994? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???, ??? ??? ??, ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.

1991? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? 1994? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????.[28] ???, ??, ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[29] 1999?, ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? "??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??"? ??? ??? ??? ????.[30] 2002?, ??? ?????? NATO? ??? "? ???? ??"?? ???.[31] 2005?, ??? ?????? NATO? ???? ??? "??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????"?? ???.[32]

???? 2008? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[33] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? "???? ???"?? ?????.[34]

????? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
2014? 1? 19? ???? ?? ???

2013?, ????? ??? ?? ??-????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[35] ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.[36] ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[37] 2013? 9?, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? EU ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.[38]

11?, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????[39] ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????, 2014? 2? ??? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ?? 100?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ?? ????? ????.[40]

?? ? ?????? ??? ??

[??]
2014? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? 2022? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 2?? ??? ????? ??

2014? 2? 27?, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????,[41] 3? ??? ??? ??? ????.[42] ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????.[43] ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? 3?? ??? ????. ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????.[44][45]

?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ??? 2014? 4? ??? '?????' ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.[46][47][48] ???? ??, ??, ???? ??????? ??? ????.[49] ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ?????,[50] ??????? ???? 2014??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????.[51] ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????.[52]

?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ??? 2014? ??? "???? ?????? ??"??? ???.[53] ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? "?????"? ???? ????.[54] ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???[55] ??? ?????? ???? ??.[56] ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? NATO? ?????? ??? ???.[57][58][59][60]

2019? 12? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ???.[61]

2014? ??? ??? ?, ?????? ????? ??????[62] NATO ??? ???? ???.[63][64] ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? 2014? 12? ??? ?? ??? ???? NATO ??? ????? ????.[65][66]

2014? 9?? 2015? 2?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ????.[67] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? 2022? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????.[68][69][70] ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???.[71][72][73]

??? ??

[??]

??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? "?? ????? ???"? ??? ???.[74] 2022?, ??? ?? ????? ????? "??? ?? ??"? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[21][75]

?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? 2025??? ? 1? 3?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 2,500? ??? ????(2024? ? ??) – ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? SecDev? 2022? ??? ??? ??? ???, ???? ????? ?? 12? 4?? ?? ??? ???, ??, ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? 63%? ???? 41?? ?? ??, 27?? ?????, 9?? ??, 6?? ??? ??, 2?? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??, ??? ??, ? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? 26? ?? ???? ????.[21] ?????? ?? ? ??? ??? 11? 5?? ??? ????.[75] 2024? 1?, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[21]

???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????.[74]

??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??, ?????-???? ?? ?? ?? § ????? NATO ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????.
2021? 12? 3? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??

2021? 3?? 4?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???,[76] 2021? 10??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???.[77] ???? ??? ????? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????.[78][79][80]

????? ????? ??? ???? ??, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[81] ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? (OSCE)? ???? 2021? ? ? ?? 9? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.[82]

2021? 7?, ??? "????? ??????? ??? ??? ???"?? ??? ???? ?????, ? ??? ?? ?????? "????? ??? ?"??? ??? "????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??"?? "??? ??? ??"? ????.[83][84] ??? ?????? "??? ???"? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????.[85] ??? ??? ????,[86] ?? ????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.[87][88]

2022? 1? 12? NATO-??? ??? ??

2021? 12? ???? NATO ?????? NATO? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[16][89][90] ??? ??? NATO? ???? "???? ??"? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.[91] ?? ?? ??? ?? NATO? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? "???? ???? ? ??" ??? ??? ???.[89] ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? NATO? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? 2004????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???.[92] ?????? ???? ?? NATO? "?? ?" ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???.[93] NATO ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? "???? ???? ???", "?? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ??"? ???.[94] NATO? ???? ?? ????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????.[93] ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?, ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????,[95] ???? ??? ???.

?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[96] ??? ??? ???? ???[97]? ?? ?? ??? ??? 2022? 2? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???.[98] ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? NATO ?? ??? ????? ???. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ???.[99] ?????? 2014? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ??????.[62][100] 2? 19?, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? "???"? ???? ?????? NATO? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.[101] ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? "???? ?????? ????? ???? ?, ? ??? NATO ???? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???"? ? ????.[90]

2022? 2? 22?, ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???

?? ??, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????.[102][103] ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? "??? ???" ???? ????.[103] ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[102][103] 2? 17?, ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???.[103] ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???.[102]

?? ??

[??]

?????????? ???? ??? 10? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?, "?? ??"; ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??; ?? ?? ??; ??? ??? ??? ??? ??; ??? ????? ??? ????? ????.[104][105][106] ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.[107]

??? ??? ?, ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ? ??? ?? "?? ?? ???? ??"?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????.[108][109][110]

????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? "3~4?" ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.[111][112] ??? ?? ??? RT? ???? ????? ???? ???? "?? ?? ?????? ??"? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??.[113] ??? "??" ?? ???? ????? ????? 3? 2? ????? ??? (SBU)? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ?????.[114][115] ??? ???? ??? ???? "?? ?? ??"? 10? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??.[116] ?????? ?? ????? ???? "??" ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????.[117][118] ??? ??? ? ?? ?, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? "???? ??? ??? ??"?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ? ??? ???? ???-????? ???? ???? "?????? ???? ????"? ????.[119][120] ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????.[121][122]

??? ?? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????.
2022? 2? 24? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?? ? ? ?, ??? ?????.

2? 21?, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ?, ???? "?????"?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????,[123] ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????.[124]

2? 24? ??? ?? ?? 5? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? "?? ?? ??"? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????.[125][126] ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? "???? ??"?? ?? ???? ???. ?? ???? ?????? 8? ?? "??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??"? ?? ?? ????.[18] ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ??, ???? NATO? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????.[127][128] ?? ???? ?????? "????? ????"? ????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ???.[128][85] ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???.[127] ??? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ?????.[125]

??

[??]
? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
2014? (?? ?? ??? ? ?????)? 2022? (?? ??) ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??. 2022? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.

??? 2? 24? ??? ?????.[125][129] ?? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????.[130] ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ????.[131][132] ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????,[133] ????? ??, ??, ???? ????.[134] ???? ????? ??? ???? ???.[135] ??? ??? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ????.[136] ?? ? ??, ?? 18~60? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????,[137] ??? ??? ????.[138]

2022? 2? 27? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??

??? ? ??? ? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? (??? ??)? ?41???? ?2??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[139] ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.[139] ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[140] ????? ???? ??? ???? ???, ????, ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????.[141]

4? 7??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????.[139][142] 4? 26?, ??? 40? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[143] ??? ??? ? ?? ?, ? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ???.[144]

?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????.[145] ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????,[146] ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???.[147]

?? ?? (2022? 2? 24? ~ 4? 7?)

[??]
2022? 2? 24??? 4? 7??? ??? ?? ????? ??

??? 2? 24? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????.

??? ? ?? ??

[??]
 ???? ??, ??? ?? (2022?), ?? ??, ????? ??, ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
??? ?? ? ???? ???? An-225 ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????.

???? 2? 24?, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[148][149] ??? ??? ?????? ??, ??? ?? (?????)? ???? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.[131][132] ????? 2? 24? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[150][151] ??? ?? ???? ????? 3? 4? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[132][131]

??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ? ? ??? ????. ????? "??? ??? ??. ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???"?? ???.[152] 3? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????.[132][131] 3? 5? ??, ?? 64 ???? (40 mi)? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???.[153] ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ???? 3? 5??? ??, ????, ???? ????.[154][155][156] 3? 11??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[157] 3? 16?, ??????? ?? ??? ????.[158] ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????.[159][160]

3? 25?, ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[161][162] ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??????? 4? 1? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[163][164] ???? 4? 6? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????,[165] ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???.[166] NATO ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? "??, ???, ???"?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???.[142]

?? ? ?? ??

[??]
 ???? ???, 2022? ??? ??, ??? ??, ?????? ??, ???? ?? (2022?), ?? ??, ???? ?? ?? ??, ???? ???? ??, ???? ????? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
2022? 3? 1? ???? ?? ???? ??

2? 24?, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???[167] ??? ??? ????.[168] 3? 1?, ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???.[169] ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.[170] ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????[171] ??????? ????. 2? 25??? ????? ????? ???? ????.[172] ????? ?????? ????.[173][174][175] 3? 1?, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????.[176]

3? 18??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.[177] ????? ??? ????, ??????? ????.[178] 3? 27?, ????? ??? ??? ??????? "(????) ?? ??? 85% ??? ?????"? ???.[179] ???? UN? ??? ??? ?? ?? 50?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????.[180][181]

????? ????? ????? ???? ?????,[182] ??? ????? ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ?? ?? 4? 1? ????? ?????.[183] 3? 25?, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???.[184]

4? 3?, ????? ????? ??? ?, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[185][186] 4? 7??? ??, ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????.[187]

??? ?? (2022? 4? 8? ~ 9? 5?)

[??]
2022? 4? 7??? 9? 5??? ??? ?? ????? ??

4? 17??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???.[188] 4? 19? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? 480-???? (300 mi) ??? ?? "?? ??"? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[189] ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? "?? ???"??, "???? ????", "????"? ????.[190]

5? 30??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????.[145] ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? 6? 6? ??? ??? ????.[191] 6? 10?, SBU ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???.[192]

??? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??. ?????? ??? ?? 10~15?? ?? ?? 1??? ??? ??. ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? 10%? ???.

6? 29?, ? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??? "??? ??? ?"?? "...???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??"? ? ????? ???.[193] 7? 5?, BBC? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? 7500? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????.[194]

??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? "??" ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? "??" ?? ???? ???? ??? ???.[195] 7? 20?, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.[196] ??? ??? 6??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?3??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? 16,000??? 60,000????.[197] ? ???? 9? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?3??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? "?????".[198]

???? ??

[??]
 ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.

4? 13?, ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.[199] ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???.[188] 4? 20?, ??? ??? ??? ??? 500?? ??????? ? 1,000?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???.[200]

??? ?????? ?? ?, ?? ???? ????? 4? 28? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ???.[201] 4? 30?, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.[202] 5? 3??? 100?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?, ????? ??? ????.[203] 5? 6?, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[204] 5? 7?, ?? ???? ????.[205]

????? ? ?? ??, ??? ?? ?

??? ????? ??? ?, 2,000?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????, 700?? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[206] 5? 8??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??, ??, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???.[207] ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? "??? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????"?? ???.[208]

5? 16?, ????? ????? ???? ???? "?? ??? ????"? ?? ??? ?????? ????. 264?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????, 53?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????.[209][210] ?? ?, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???. ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? "?? ??? ??" ??? ?? ????? ???, ????? "???? ??? ???? ??? ????..."? ???.[211]

???????? ????? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ??? ?? (2022?)???.
 ???? ??, ???????? ??? ??, ??????? ?? (2022?) ? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
??? ?? ?? ?? ?? (2024? 9? 11? ??): ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????.

2022? 4? 8? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? 61?? ????[212] 87??? 300?? ?????.[213] 4? 11?, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???.[214] ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ???? ??, ???, ???? ???? ??? ???.[215][216] ?? ??? 4? 11? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[217]

4? 18?, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????, ????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????.[218] 5? 22?, BBC? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.[219] 5? 23?, ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????, 5? 26??? ??? ????.[220][221] ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????.[222] 5? 24??? ????? ???????? ?? ????.[223] 5? 30?, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????.[224] 6? 2??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? 80% ??? ???? ?? ????? ????.[225] 6? 3?, ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. 6? 4??? ????? ?? ???? ??? 20% ??? ?????? ????.[226]

????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? 800?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??????? ??? 300~400?? ???? ?? ??? ???.[227][228] ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????.[229] 6? 20??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????.[230]

6? 24?, CNN? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ??? 5? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????.[231] 7? 3?, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.[232] 7? 4?, ???? ?????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????.[233]

???? ??

[??]
 ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????.
??? ??? ???? ???? 2022? 6? 28? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? "?? ??"?? ???.

????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????.[189] ??? ???? 4? 10? ???? ????? ????.[234] 5? 2?, ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? 100?? ???? ?????? ????.[235] 6? 28?, ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? 18?? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? "?? ??"?? ???.[236]

????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? "??? ????"?, ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? 500?? ??? ???? ???? ???, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.[237] ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ? 8? 19? IAEA ???? ??? ??? ????? ????. 2023? 7? ??, ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????.[238]

2022? 9? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???

???? 8? 18??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? 50?? ?? ??? ??? 12?? ??? ?????? ????.[239] ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?5? ??? ? ???? ???. ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.[240][241]

??? ?? ? ?? ?? (2022? 9? 6? ~ 11? 11?)

[??]
2022? 9? 5??? 2022? 11? 11??? ??? ?? ????? ??

2022? 9? 6?, ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[242] ???? ???? 9? 12? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????, ?? ???? "??? ??"? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????.[243] 2022? 9? 21?, ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? 30? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???.[244] ?? ?? ?? ??? "??? ??"?? ?? "?? ??"? ??? ???? ???. ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? "???? ??"? ?????? ???? ???.[245] ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? "??"?? ????,[246] ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? "????"? ???? ??? ????.[247]

???? ????, ???, ????, ????? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????.

2022? 9? ?, ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[248]

2022? 9? 30?, ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????, ????, ????? ??? ????.[249] ?????, ??, ?? ??, ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ????.[250]

??? ???

[??]
 ? ??? ??? 2022? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????.
????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ? ?? ?? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??

8? 29?, ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[251] 9? 4??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????.[252] ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???.[253]

10?, ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? 1,170 ?????? (450 mi2)? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????.[254][255] 11? 9?, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????.[256] 11? 11?, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ??(??)? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.[257]

???? ???

[??]
 ? ??? ??? 2022? ???? ??????.
   Retained by Ukraine
   Retaken by Ukraine
   Occupied by Russia
Map of the Kharkiv front as of 2025? 8? 6?

??????? 9? 6? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[242] 9? 7??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ? 20 ???? (12 mi) ?????, ? 400 ?????? (150 mi2)? ????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???.[258] 9? 8?, ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? 15 ???? (9.3 mi) ??? ????.[259] ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???.[260]

9? 9?, ????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?????, ??? ????? ????? "??"?? ???? ????. ?? ??? (ISW)? ?????? ?? 72?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???.[261] ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ?????.[262] 9? 10? ??, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????,[263] ISW? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? 2,500 ?????? (970 mi2)? ????? ???.[264] ?? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? "??"????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.[265]

9? 15??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.[266] ??? ???? ????? 10? 1??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????.[267]

?? ?? ??, ??? ? 1? ?? ?? (2022? 11? 12? ~ 2023? 6? 7?)

[??]
 2022?~2023? ????? ?? ??, ????? ??, ??? ?? (2022~2023?) ? ???? ????? ?? ?? (2022? 11? 12? ~ 2023? 6? 7?) ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.

?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????,[268] ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.[269] ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ????? "??"?? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???.[268][270] ????? ??? ??? ???? "??? ??" ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???.[268][270] 5? ?, ?? ????? "???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??"? ????.[271]

2023? 2? 7?, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? 20? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????.[272] ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ???? ?? ????,[273] ?????? "?? ????" ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? "??? ??"? ????.[270]

2023? 1? ?, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.[274] ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? 3??? ??? ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ????? "?? 130?? ??? ???"? ???? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ???? "??? ?? ??? ??? ????"? ???.[275][276]

2022? ?, ???? ???? 5? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. 2023? 3?, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ???? "??? ??????" ????? ???.[277] ?? ??-Z ??? ???? ?? "?????"? ?????.[278]

???? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
2023? 4? 5? ???? ?? ? ?? ????? ??

???? ??????? ?? ?, ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ? ?, ????? ????? 2023? 1? 16? ????? ????.[279][280] 2023? 2? ?, ????? ??, ??, ???? ??? ?? ????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????.[281]

3? 4?, ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???.[282] 2023? 5? 20?, ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????.[283] ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.[284]

2023? ????? ??? (2023? 6? 8? ~ 2023? 12? 1?)

[??]
 2023? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
2023? 6? 10? ????? ??, ?? ? ???? ? ??? ?? ??

2023? 6?, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.[285][286] ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[287] 6? 12??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????.[288] 6? 24?, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????.[289] 6? ?, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????.[290] ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.[291] ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???.[292] 2023? 9?, ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????.[293] ??? ??? ATACMS ???? ?? ???? ????[294] ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????.[295][296]

2023? 10?~12?, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???. 2023? 12? 1?, ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???.[297] ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ???.[298] 2023? 12?, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ????.[297][299][300]

?????? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? (2022?~2024?)???.
2024? 1? ???????? ?? ? ??? ??

2023? 10?, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ??, ? ??, ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[301] 11??? ?? ????? ?? ? ? ?? "???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???"? ??? ???? ???.[302]

2024? 2? 17?, ???? ??????? ????. ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? "??"?? ?????.[303][304][305] ABC ??? ???? ?? 2??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???.[306] ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?2?? ?41? ???? 16,000?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??, ? 700?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????.[307]

?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????, 《??》?? ??? "? ??? ?? ???? ???". ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? 10,000?? ???? ? ?? ??? 2,000?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??.[308]

???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? (2024? 4? ~ ??)

[??]
 ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? § ???? ?-?? ?? (2024? 4? ~ ??) ??? ??????.

???? ?-?? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? 2024? ???? ?????.
2024? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??, 2024? 6?

2024? 5? 10?, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ?? ?? 5? 25??? ?? ???? 11,000? ??? ?????. ?????? 5? 17? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????, 5? 25??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? "?? ???"? ????? ???. ??? ??? "?? ???? ???? ???" ??? ?? ??? ?? "?? ??"? ??? ???? ???.[309][310] ???? 6? 7? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???.[311]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ?, ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????, 2024? 4? ???? ????? ???? ???? 4? ? ????[312][313] ?? ? ? ?? ???? ?? ????.[314] ????? ?? 4? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????,[315] ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????, 7? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[316][317] 6? 18??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??????,[318] ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??,[319] ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????.[320] ????? 7?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????, 7? 19??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????.[321][322]

?????? ??? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ?? (2024?~2025?)???.
2024? 8? ?????? ?? ????? ??

2024? 8? 6?, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ??, ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ? ???? ??? ????.[323] ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? 10 ???? (6.2 mi) ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????,[324] ???? ???? 8? 15? ? ??? ?????? ????.[325] ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???.[326] ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??,[327][328] ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???.[328]

??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????, ????? 2025? 1? ???? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????. ??? 2025? 2??? ISW? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??, ???, ?? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????.[329][330]

2024? ??? 2025? ? ???? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??, ???? ??, ???? ??, ?????? ?? ? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ????.[331] ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.[332][333][334]

2024? 8? ?, ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? 8km ??? ?????,[331] 9? ??? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????????[335]? ??????? ????.[336] 9? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????,[337] 10? 1? ? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?, ?? ? ??? ? 14,000???? ? ??? "??? ??"? ?????.[338][339]

10? 30?, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ?? "?? ??? ????"? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ???.[340][341] ?????? ??? 2024? 11? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? 10? ? ?? ?????.[342] ????? 2024? 12? ? ?????? ???? 2025? 1??? ??? ???? ???? ????.[343][344]

2025? ?, ????? ????? ???? ????[345][346] 1? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????.[347][348] ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[349] 2025? 2?, ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 18??? 24? ?????? ?? 1? ??? ????.[350]

??

[??]
 ?? ??, ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.

??

[??]
 ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
2024? 5? 15? ???, ?????, ?????, ????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??
2022? 12? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????

?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[351]

?? ?? ?? ?? ??? 2022? 5?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? "??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??"? ??.[352] ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???.[353]

?? ??? ?? ?, 2022? 4? 8? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????,[354] ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????,[355] ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ? ?????.[353]

  • ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? (?? ???, 2022? 5? 26? ~ 10? 8?)
  • ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? (2022? 10? ? ~ 2023? 1? 11?)
  • ??? ????? ???? ???? (2023? 1? 11???)

???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??.[356]

??? ?? ? ???

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????.
 ???-????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
2022? 10? 10? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??

???? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????,[131][132] ????? ????? ????.[357]

2022? 9??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? 55?? ????.[358] 10? ??, ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.[359] 11? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????,[360] ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???.[361]

2022? 12?, ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? 10?? ???? Tu-95 ??? 2?? ??? ?????.[362]

2025? 6? 1?, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? "???? ? ??"? ????. ? ??? ??????? ??????,[363] ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? 41?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???.[364] ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ????, ?????? 20?? ???? ???? ? ? 10?? ????? ???.[365] ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[366][367][368][369]

?? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ?? ?????.

2022? 7? 31?, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????.[370] 2022? 8? 9?, ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ?? 8?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ? ??? ??? ???, ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????,[371] 9? 7? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????.[372]

??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??. ?? ? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[373] ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? "????" ????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? 2,000?? ????? ???.[374] 8? 18?, ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????.[375] 2022? 10? 8? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????.[376] 2023? 7? 17?, ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ????.[377] 2025? 6? 3?, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[378]

????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ?????.
2022? 10? 10? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ??

2022??? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???.[379] 2022? 10? 6? ??????? ????? ??? 136 ???? ?? 86?? ?????, 9? 30??? 10? 6? ??? ??????? ??? 46? ? 24?? ????? ????.[380] 10? 8?, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????.[381] 10? 16? 《The Washington Post》? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????.[382] 10? 18? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? 131? ??? 136 ??? ???? ?? 2231?? ????? ?????,[383] ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????.[384] 10? 22? ???, ??, ??? ?? ??? ????? ????.[385] 11? 1? CNN? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[386]

11? 15?, ???? ????? ???? ??? 85?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[387] 2023? 3?, 《The New York Times》? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ? ?????.[388]

?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? '????? ??? ?? ?? ??'(SODCIT) ?? ??(??? demoralise?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?)? ???? ???.[389] ?????????? ???:[390]

???? ???? 2024? 6? ???? ????? ?? ??? 9 GW? ?????. 2023? ?? ?? ?? ???? 18 GW????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.

2024? 7? 8?, ???? Kh-101 ???? ????[391] ???? ?????? ??? ???? 2?? ??? 16?? ??? ??.[392][393][394][395] ?? ? ????? ?? 20?? ???? ????.[396]

?? ?? ? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????.
??? ??, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? 2022? 4? 14? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 2?? ??? ? ????? ?????.

?????? ??? ?? ???, ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??. 2022? 2? 28?, ????? 1936? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? 4?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[397] 2? 24?, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????.[398] ?? ??? ??? ??? Moskva? ??? Vasily Bykov? ??? ?? ????.[399] ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ??? "??? ??, ?? ??? ????!"??.[400] ?? ?, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????.[401] ???? 2? 26? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??(???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??)? ????? ????. ??? ?? ????.[402]

3? 3??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? Hetman Sahaidachny? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????.[403] 3? 24?, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???(???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???)? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???.[173][404] 2022? 3?, ?? ?? ?? ??(IMO)? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.[405] 3? 27?, ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? 80 ?? (130 km) ? ? 3 ?? (4.8 km)? ?? ??? ????.[406][407]

????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???,[408] ?????? 4? 13? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? 2?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???.[409] ??? ??? ? ??? 4? 14? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??????? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[410] ?? ? ??, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ????.[411] 4? 15?, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[412] 5? 5?, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? "??? ??"(??? ?? ??? ?? ??)? ????? ????.[413][414]

6? 1?, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????, "???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?"??? ???.[415] 7? 23?, CNBC? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??-???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???.[416]

2023? 12? 26?, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????. ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? 2?? ?????? ???. ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???.[417][418][419] 2024? 1? 31?, ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? 1241? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.[420][421] 2? ?? 2? 14?, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????.[422][423]

?????? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
 ???? ????? ?????? 2022? ?? ??? ??????.
2022? 2? 26?, ??? ???? ???? ???? ??

????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???, ??? ????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ????,[424] ?? ??? ?? ? ????.[425] ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????,[426] ?? ?????? ???, ??? ???.[427] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????.[428] 4? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[429]

???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???, ??? ????? ????.[428][430] ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????[428] ?? ??, ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.[431] ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??, ???, ??? ??, ??? ?? ????.[432] ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.[433]

2022? 5? 21? ??, ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 70? ???? ???.[434] ?????? 2022? ?? MONUSCO? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.[435]

??? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

????? ??

[??]
 ???-????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??, ???-????? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
?????? ?? ??? ??? ??
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??? ???? ?? ???? ??, ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????. ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???, ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????.[436][437] ??? ??, ??, ??, ?? ??, ?? ? ??? ???? ??.[436]

2023? 7? 12? ??? NATO ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????

?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????, 50? ??? ??? ???? ???, ?? 32? NATO ???? ????.[438] 2022? 1??? 2024? 1??? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? 3,800? ??? ???.[439] ?? ???? ? ??(??, ??, ???)?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[440] ?????? ???? GDP ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.[441] ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[442] ??, ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????,[440] ??? ?? ?? 1,750? ??? ????.[441] ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ????.[441][443] ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? 3?? 1 ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????.[444]

??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????,[445] ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???.[446]

?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????.[447] ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? 2024?? ?? ?? ???? ????.[448]

??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ?? NATO? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???.[449] ???? ???? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??? "????" ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???.[450] ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???.[451]

2025? 5? 3? 《The Times》?? ????? ? CIA ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ????, "[???] ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ????"? ????.[452][453]

??? ??

[??]
  ???? ??? ?? ??
  ???
  ?????

????

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 ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? staging?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????.[454] ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????, 2023? ???? ???? A-50 ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????.[455] ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????.[456][457] ?? "?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??"?? ?????? ????.[458] ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????, "????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????"? ???.[459] ?? 2023? IISS? "?? ?? ??" ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???.[460] ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ??? 2024? "?? ?? ??"? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????.[461]

??

[??]
 ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????.

2023? 6?, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.[462] 2024? 2?, ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????.[463] ??? ?????? ???, ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??.[464][465] ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.[466] ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????.[384]

??

[??]
 ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????.

???????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. 2023? 12? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??-11?? (KN-23), ??-11?? (KN-24) ? KN-25 ???? ??? ??? ????.[467][468] 2024? 10?, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????.[469][470][471]

?? ? ?, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? "???? ??"? ???.[472][473][474] ????? ????? ???? 1? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.[475] ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.[476][477][478]

??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? 3,000?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ? ??? 10?? ???? ????? ??? ??? 3? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ????.[479] 10? 28?, NATO ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ???? 1? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????.[480][481][482]

2024? 11? 29? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???

11? 7?, ????? ????? ???? 11? 5? ??? ????? ????.[483] 11? 13?, ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????.[484][485][486][487] 11? 24?, ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????.[488] 12? 2?, ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????.[489] ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.[490] 12? 16?, ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ? ????? ????.[491] 12? 18??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????,[492] ????? ??? 100?? ???? 1,000?? ????? ????.[493] ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? 11? 5? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???.[494]

????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???.[495][496][497][498]

2025? 1?, ?? ?? ? ?? ??????? ?? ? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[499] 2025? 3?, ???? ??????? ??? ?? ? ??? 3,000?? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???. ????? ??? ? 11,000?? ???? ???? ??????, ? ? 4,000?? ????? ????.[500] ?? ?, ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? "???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?" ??? ? ????? ??? ??? ???.[501]

??

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 ???????? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ?? ?16? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[502]

????? 2023? 3?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? 2022? 6??? 12??? ????? ??????? ??? ?3?? ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??, ???? ????? ????.[503] ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????.[504] 2023? 5?, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.[505] 2024? 4?, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????.[506] 2024? 9?, ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????.[507] 2025? 7?, ????? ????? ???? ????? 50?? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ? ??? ????.[508]

???? ??, ??? ?? ??, ???, ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ????.[509] ?? ??? ?? ??? 2022? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ????.[510][511] ??? ??? 2025? 7? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 2024? 12?? 140? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????.[512]

???

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 ???-????? ??? ??? § ???? ????? ?? (2022? ~ ??) ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.
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??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.[519] AFP? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????, ?????? ????? ????.[520] 2022? 10?, ?? ??? ?? ????? iStories? ????? ??? ???? ???? 9? ? ??? ??? ??? ??, ?? ?? ?????? ????.[521]

?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???, ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ???. 2022? 6?, ????? ????? CNN? ?? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ?? 10? ? ????? ???? ???.[522] 2024? 7??? ? 2? ?? ??????? ??? ???.[523] ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? 25,000?? ??? ??? ???? ???,[524][525] 2022? 9??? ??? ?? ???? ???.[526] ??? ???? ????? 10,000? ??, ??? ?? 20,000?? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???.[527][528][529] 2022? ? AP? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? 75,000?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[530][531] AFP? "??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?"??? ???.[532] 2022? 3??? 2023? 2? ??? ?????? ?? 8,000? ??? ?? ???? ????.[533] ?? ?????????(OHCHR)? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??.[534]

??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??. 2022? 10?, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ??, ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?????. 2024? 2?, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? 10? ? 6?? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????.[535][536][537][538][539] 2024? 5??? 6??? ?? ? 1,200?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????,[540] 2024? 11??? 1,500??? ???? ?? ?? 45,690?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[541] ????? 2024? 11? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??(1,950?)? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???(1,836?)? ????? ????.[542] ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? 2024? 7??? ?? 14? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.[543]

???? ??? ?? 80? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????,[544] ?? ???? ??? ????.[545] ?????? ?? ???? 2020?? 1,000?? 8.7?????,[546] 2024??? 18.6??? ?????, ???? ???? 1,000?? 14??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? 1?? 9?? ????.[547] 2024? 8?, ????? ??? ???? 172,000?? ????? ????.[548] 2025? 2?, ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? 25? ?? ????? ????.[549] 2024? 9?, 《Wall Street Journal》? ?? 100? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[550]

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(???? ?????/???? ????? ??) 		?? 118,139? (???? ???) 2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 7? 11? BBC News Russian ? Mediazona[555]
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(???? ? ???? ?????) 		?? 21,000–23,500? 2022? 2? 24? – 2024? 9? 30? BBC News Russian[555]
?? ? ??? ???
?? ?? ??
????? ??? ?? 12,000? (???),[e]
?? 16,000? ??[f] 		2022? 2? 24? – 2024? 6? 17?
2022? 2? 24? – 2024? 12? 16? 		?????[558][559]
?? 2,883?, ?? 8,260?
(???? ?????/???? ????? ??) 		2022? 2? 17? – 2024? 12? 22? ???? ?????[g] ? ???? ?????[562][563]
??? ??? ?? 621? (?? ??), ?? 789? 2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 5? 19? ???[564][565]
?????? ?? 80,000?, ?? 400,000? 2022? 2? 24? – 2024? 9? ?? WSJ ??
????? ??? ??[550]
?? 60,000–100,000?, ?? 400,000? 2022? 2? 24? – 2024? 11? 26? ? ?????? ???[566]
?? 50,000?,[567] ?? 380,000?,[568]
?? 56,700?,[h]
?? 8,000?[571] 		2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 3? 6?
2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 2? 17?
2022? 2? 24? – 2024? 10? 30? 		?????
???? ?? ? ?? 950,000? 2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 5? 3? ?? ??? ???[572]
?? 191,000–269,000? 2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 5? 30? BBC News Russian[555]
?? ? ?? 1,046,270? ??,
?? 60,000? 		2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 7? 24?
2022? 2? 24? – 2025? 2? 4? 		????? ??? ???[573]
????? ??[574]
??? ?? 600?, ?? 4,100?,
?? 2?[i] 		2024? 12? 14? – 2025? 4? 30? ???? ???[577][578]

???? ? ??? ??

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?? ?? ? ???

?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??(?? ?? ? ???? ?? ??), ??? ??, ??? ?? ? ??, ???,[579] ???? ?? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? 61?? ??? ??? ??.[580][581][582][212] ????? ???? ??? ????? ???, ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??, ???, ???, ??, ???, ???? ?? '?? ??'? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ???. ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.[583]

?? ?????????? ???, 2023? 12??? ??? ??? ???? ? 78%? ????? ?? ???? ?????, 21%? ??? ?? ???? ????.[584] ?? ?? ?? 12,300? ??? ???? ????.[585] ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??.[586][587][588] 2025? 5?, ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???(??? ??? ?? 150?? ???? ?? ?? ??) ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????.[589]

?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ??, ?? ? ??? ?? ??, ?? ????, ?? ??, ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.[590] ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??. ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????,[590] "???"?? ??? ? ??. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????.[591]

????? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??????.[592][593] 2024? 4?, 《??? ?????》 ??? "????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??"? ?????.[594]

?? ??

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 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????.

2022? 8? 25? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? "???, ?? ? ?? ??"? ?? ?? ??? 21?? ?????. ????? ???? ? ??? ???? "??? ??"? ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ????.[595] ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? "???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??"? ???. ??? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??, ?? ? ? ??, ??? ??, ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ????.[595]

2022? 11?? ??? OHCHR ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??.[596]

2023? 3?, ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? 90% ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? "?? ??"? ?????.[597]

2023? 4?, ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????.[598]

2024? 3?, ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? 30? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? 7?? ??? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?? 60? ? 39?? "?? ? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ??, ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???, ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ????"? ????.[599]

2024? 10?, EEAS? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? 177?? ??? ????? ???. ???? ?? ?????????(OHCHR)? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????.[600]

?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??.[601](para. 105)[602][603][604]

????? ?? ??

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2024? 6?, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? 4?? ?????. ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? 17? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? 2? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.[605][606]

2025? 3?, ISW? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???. ISW? 2022? 2? 18??? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? "????? ??"?? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????.[607]

?? ?? ??

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??:Vladimir Putin in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on 2024? 9? 3? (3).jpg
2024? 9? 3? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ICC ??????.

ICC? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?, ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.[608] 2023? 3? 17?, ICC? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.[609] ?? ICC? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????[609](?? 5? ?? ????)? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ????.[610] ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? "?????? ??"??? ???,[611] ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? "???? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ??"? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.[612]

???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???.[613] ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ????,[614] ?? ??? ??.

?4? ??? ?? ? ?2 ?? ???? ?? ?? 8?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??.

ICC? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????, ???? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????.[615][616]

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??? 2022? ?? ??? ????.[617] 2025? 2? ??, 370? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 690? ?? ????.[618]

????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??.[24][25][26][27] 2023? 9?, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????.[619] ? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????.[620]

2024? 8? ??, WHO? 1,940?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[621] 2023?, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? "???? ??"? ???, ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????.[622]

?? ??

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 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????.

?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[623] 2025? 4? ??, ????? ?? ??? 149?, ??? 34?, ??? 33?, ??? 18?? ???? 485?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????.[624] 2022?, ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[625] ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???.[626]

?? ??

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 ? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????.
?????? ??? ???? ????? ???, 2022? 3? 6?

? ??? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ? ????? ??? ????.[627] ?? ? ?? ??? 100? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????, 2023? 2??? ? ??? 800? ?? ????.[628][629] 2022? 5?, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??.[630] 5? 3? ????, ????? ???? ? ?? 800? ?? ???? ???.[631]

???? ??? ??, ???, ?? ?? ??????.[632] 18??? 60? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????.[633] ?? ? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??/???? ??? ????.[634] ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????.[635]

2022? 5? ???? ??????? ??? ???? 3,315,711?, ????? 901,696?, ???? 594,664?, ???? 461,742?, ?????? 415,402?, ????? 27,308?? ??? ????, ???? 800,104? ??? ??? ????? ????.[628] 2022? 7??? 390,000? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ? ? ???.[636] ????? 2022? 3? ???? 58,000? ??? ????? ??? ????.[637] EU? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? EU ??? ?? 3?? ?? ? ??? ??? ????.[638] ??? 146,379?? ??? ?????, EU? ?? ??? ???? 3?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ? ??? ??.[639]

?? ?? ?? ??(OSCE)? ???, ???? 130? ? ??? ????? ???? "??? ?? ??"?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??.[640] OSCE? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ?1? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????.[641] ?? ??, 2022? 4? ???? ???? ? 121,000?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????.[641][642] ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????,[643] ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????.[644][645][j]

???? ?? ???? ??

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????? ???? ????? ???? ??, 2022? 3? 5?

???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? 40? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[647] ???? ??????? 4? ?? ?? ?? ??(18?~40?) ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ????, ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????.[648]

?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.[649] 2023? 7? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???,[650]

??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. 2040??? ??? ? 3?5?? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?? ?(2021?: 4?2?8?? ?)?? ? 20% ??? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????.

? ??? "??? ????"(2023? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??)?? "??? ????"(2025? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??)?? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? 20% ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.[650]

??? ????? ????? 2022? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????

????? ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ???, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????.[651] ?? ????? ??? 1990???? ? ??? ???? ????.[652] ??? 2021?? ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? 50? ?? ??? ??? 1? 2?? ?? ?? ? 17% ??? ???? ????.[653][654]

2022? 2? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? 37? ??? 82? ? ??? ???. ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? 50? ??? 100? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??.[655] ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??.[656]

BBC? ???:[657]

??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ??? ?? ??? ???, IT ???, ????, ???, ??, ???, ??, ?? ???, ????? ??. ???? 50? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? LGBTQ+??. ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ??, ?? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????.

???? ???? ??? "????? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ??."[658] ? ??? ???, ?? ??? ? ? 15%? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.[659]

2023? 11?, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? 8? ??? ??? ???? ????.[660]

2024? 7?, ?? ?? ???? (??) ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????, ????, ???, ???? 4? ?? ???? ? 5?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ???? 150??? 180? ?? ???? ? ???? ???.[661] ?? ???? ???? "??? ??"?, "?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??"?? ????.[662]

?? ??

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??????? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??, 2022? 5? 31?

?? ??? ???, ???? ?? ?????? 510? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? 623,000?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??, ? 1,500?? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ? 28 ??? (70 ac)? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??.[663] ????? ??? ? 30%? ???? ?????, 2.4?? ??? (5.9?? ???) ??? ?? ?????.[664]

???? ??? ?? ?? PAX? ???, ???? "?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??"? "???" ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? "??? ?"? ??? ??? ???.[665] 2023? 6? ?, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? "?? ??"? ?? ??? ????.[666]

????? ??, ?? ??? ? ????? ? ??? ??????? ????.[667] ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??(??????? ???)? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??.[668] ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???(??? ????, ???? ????, ?? ??? ? ??? ???)? ???.[669]

2024? 4? NGL ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? 60,000??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????.[670] ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??, ?? ? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???.

????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????.[671][672] ? ??? ???,[673][674][675] ??,[676] ??? ???? ??? ????.[677] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? COP 28? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???.[678]

... ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? ???. [...] (?? ??? ??? ?? ???? 1.5 °C (2.7 °F)? ????) ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.

? ??

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 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ? ? ?????.
IAEA ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??

?? ?? ??? ?? "????"? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ????. 2024??? ??? ??? "????" ???? ??? ?? ?? ????.[679]

?? 4? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ??????.[680] ????? ?? "??? ???? ??"??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? "??? ??"? ??? ??? ????.[681] 2023? 3?, ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[682]

? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[683] ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. 2022? 8?, ????? ? ??? "??? ? ??"?? ????.[684] ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????.[685]

??? ??

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 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????.

?????

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????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? 2022? ?????? ?????(GDP)? 30% ????? ????.[686] ?? ?? ??? ?????? GDP? ?? 10%?? ?? 35% ??? ???? ?????,[687] ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? GDP? 20% ??? ???? ????.[688] ????? ???? 2023? ?????? GDP? 5.3% ????? ???.[689]

?????? 2022? 3? 1??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ? ????? ??? 61? 4?? ????? ????? ????.[690] 2022? 5? ?? ?? ?????? ????, ???, ???, ????, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???. ? ?? ??? 2023? 9?? ?????.[691]

??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? 2022? 3?? ???? ??? ????? ??? 30%? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? 62%? 1? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.[692]

???

[??]

??? ?????? 2022? GDP? 2.1% ????? ????,[693] 2023??? ??? ??? GDP? 3.6% ????? ???.[694] 2024? 4? 27?, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[695] 2025? 1?, ???? 2022? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??—???? ??? ?? ?? ??? 2024? 6??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? 2500? ??? ??????,[21] ?? ??? ?? GDP? 20% ???? ????—??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? 2000? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ?????.[22][23]

2025? 4? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???(SITE)? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?????, "??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ????."[696] 2025? 5? 13? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? EU ??????? ??? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[696][697] ???? "???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??"? ?????.[696]

G7 ???? 2022? 12? 5? ??? ??? 60??? ?? ???? ????.[698] ??? 2022? 3? 8? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????.[699] ?? ??? 2023? 2? 5? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???.[698] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??, ??, ????? ????.[700] ??? ??? 2023? 9? 21??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, 10? 6?? ?????.[701]

?? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????.
2024? 6? ????? ?? ???? ????

???? ????? ?? ?? ??? 2022? 2? 28?, 3? 3?, 3? 7? ????-????? ???? ???, 3? 10? ?????? ?? ???, 3? 14??? 4? ??? ?????.[702] ??? ?? ?? ?????.

??? ??? ??(  ?? ??)? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????.[703]

2024?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??, ????? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??, ?????? NATO ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????.[704] ?? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? "????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?"?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??.[705] ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? "????? ???? ???"? ????? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????.[705][706][707][708]

2025?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ???. ??? ???? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????. 2025? 2?, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ??. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????.[709]

 ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? § 2025? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.

?? ??

[??]
 ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????.
 ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????.
2022? 3? 2? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ES-11/1 ??
  ??
  ??
  ??
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  ????

? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.[710] 2022? 3? 2?? 2023? 2? 23?, ?? ??? 141??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? 7??? ? ??? ????.[711] ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.[712] 2025? 7? ????, EU? ???? ????? ?? 18? ?? ???? ?????, ? 2,500? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[713] ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????, LNG (?? ?? ?? ??? ??)? ? ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??.[714] ???? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ????.[715]

70? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ?? 50? ??? EU? ?? ??? ????.[716] ?? ???? ??? ???? EU ?? ?? ??,[717] ?? ??? ??? SWIFT ?? ?? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[718] ??? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

?? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????.[719] ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ???.[720] ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????,[721] ???? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????.[722] ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????.[723] 2022? 3?, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? "?? ??"? ??? ?? ?? 15?? ???? ????.[724][725]

?????? ????? ??? 2023? ???? ???, ?? ??? 31%? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??, 30.7%? ????, 36.2%? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??.[726]

??? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????.[727] 2022? 10??? ????, ?????, ????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[728] 2023? 8? 1?, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???.[729]

??? ?????,[730] ??? ? ???? ????? NATO ??? ????? ????.[731] ???? 2023? 4? 4?? NATO ???? ???,[732] ???? 2024? 3? 7?? ?? ???.[733]

???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? 20?? 2024? ?? ????? ????? ????.[734]

?? ??

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[??]
  1. ↑ Murphy, Palu (2022? 2? 24?). “Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus”. CNN. 2022? 2? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  2. ↑ Rodionov, Maxim; Balmforth, Tom (2022? 2? 25?). “Belarusian troops could be used in operation against Ukraine if needed, Lukashenko says”. 《Reuters》. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  3. ↑ “Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus”. BBC News. 2022? 2? 27?. 2022? 3? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 27?? ???. 
  4. ↑ “Ukrainian Official Says Belarus Has Joined the War, as Russia Pummels Kharkiv”. 《Time》. 2022? 3? 1?. 2022? 3? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 1?? ???. 
  5. ↑ “75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование ?Медузы? и ?Медиазоны? о потерях”. 《Meduza》 (????). 2024? 2? 24?? ???. ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с ?народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР?, ... 
  6. ↑ Bengali, Shashank (2022? 2? 18?). “The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine.”. 《The New York Times》. 2022? 2? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 18?? ???. 
  7. ↑ Hackett, James, ??. (February 2021). 《The Military Balance 2021》 1?. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 68?. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8. OCLC 1292198893. OL 32226712M. 
  8. ↑ ? ? 《The Military Balance 2022》. International Institute for Strategic Studies. February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – Google Books ??. 
  9. ↑ “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2023? 5? 30?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2023? 5? 31?? ???. 
  10. ↑ ? ? 《The Military Balance 2022》. International Institute for Strategic Studies. February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – Google Books ??. 
  11. ↑ "Ukraine", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2025-08-07, retrieved 2025-08-07
  12. ↑ “Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine’s draft”. 《BBC News》 (?? ??). 2023? 11? 17?. 2023? 11? 17?? ???. 
  13. ↑ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2024? 4? 2?). Brands, Hal, ??. 《War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World》 (??). ?? ??? ??? ???. 34?. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2. On 2022? 2? 24?, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. 
  14. ↑ Ramani 2023, 74?.
  15. ↑ D'Anieri 2023, i; 98?.
  16. ↑ ? ? Roth, Andrew (2021? 12? 17?). “Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe”. 《???》. 2025? 6? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 1? 5?? ???. 
  17. ↑ Marples, David R. (2022? 7? 3?). 《Russia's war goals in Ukraine》. 《Revue Canadienne des Slavistes》 64. 207–219?. doi:10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837. ISSN 0008-5006. 
  18. ↑ ? ? Hinton, Alexander (2022? 2? 25?). “Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented”. ? ?????. 2025? 5? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 12? 15?? ???. 
  19. ↑ Al Jazeera Staff. “'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war”. 《????》. 2025? 4? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 12? 15?? ???. 
  20. ↑ melvin, Neil. “Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia”. 《?????????》. 2025? 5? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 12? 15?? ???. 
  21. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Brumme, Christoph. “In der Ukraine k?mpft Russland um Rohstoffe”. 《n-tv.de》 (???). 2024? 12? 6?? ???. 
  22. ↑ ? ? Aris, Ben (2025? 1? 14?). “Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis”. 《???? ???》. 2025? 1? 24?? ???. 
  23. ↑ ? ? Hrazhdan, Olena (2025? 1? 15?). “Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy”. 《??? ???》. 2025? 1? 24?? ???. 
  24. ↑ ? ? Etkind, Alexander (2022). 《Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences》. 《Journal of Genocide Research》 25 (Taylor & Francis). 1–19?. doi:10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911. S2CID 249527690. 
  25. ↑ ? ? McGlynn, Jade (2024? 4? 23?). “Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine”. 《Foreign Policy》. 2024? 7? 4?? ???. 
  26. ↑ ? ? Stavljanin, Dragan (2024? 4? 2?). “Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal'”. 《??? ?? ??/??? ???》. 2025? 6? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 7? 4?? ???. 
  27. ↑ ? ? Richardson, Jon (2024? 3? 11?). “Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine”. 《The Conversation》. 2024? 7? 6?? ???. 
  28. ↑ Budjeryn, Mariana. “Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum” (PDF). ??? ?? ??????. 2025? 5? 13?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 6?? ???. 
  29. ↑ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (2009? 12? 15?). “On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'”. 《The Day》. 2021? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 7?? ???. 
  30. ↑ “Istanbul Document 1999”. ?? ?? ?? ??. 1999? 11? 19?. 3 (PDF)?. 2014? 6? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2015? 7? 21?? ???. 
  31. ↑ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). 《What Putin Fears Most》. 《Journal of Democracy》 33. 18–27?. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0015. ISSN 1045-5736. 2024? 4? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 6? 8?? ???. 
  32. ↑ “Interview with French Television Company France 3”. 《President of Russia》. 2005? 5? 7?. 
  33. ↑ Kaas, Kaarel (2009). “The Russian Bear on the Warpath Against Georgia”. International Centre for Defense Studies. 2017? 6? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2019? 4? 26?? ???. 
  34. ↑ D'Anieri 2023, 136?.
  35. ↑ “Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration”. 《??? ???》. 2013? 2? 22?. 
  36. ↑ “European Union Committee - Sixth Report: The EU and Russia: before and beyond the crisis in Ukraine”. 《publications.parliament.uk》. ?? ??. 2015? 2? 10?. 2025? 2? 26?? ???. 
  37. ↑ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (??.). 《The European Union in Crisis》. ????? ???. 3, 274?. 
  38. ↑ Walker, Shaun (2013? 9? 22?). “Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia”. 《???》. ISSN 0261-3077. 2023? 9? 12?? ???. 
    • Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (??.). 《The European Union in Crisis》. ????? ???. 3, 274?. 
  39. ↑ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (2013? 11? 21?). “Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail”. 《???》. 
  40. ↑ “Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych”. 《BBC News》. 2014? 2? 22?. 2025? 6? 26?? ???. 
  41. ↑ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (2014? 2? 27?). “Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building”. 《???》. 
  42. ↑ “Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea”. 《BBC ??》. 2014? 3? 24?. 2025? 4? 9?? ???. 
  43. ↑ “Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot”. 《BBC ??》. 2015? 3? 9?. 
  44. ↑ Plokhy, Serhii (2023? 5? 9?). 《The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History》. W. W. ?? & ???. ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6. ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... 
  45. ↑ ?alimas, Dainius (2017? 3? 14?). 《Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea》. 《International Comparative Jurisprudence》 3. 25–36?. doi:10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003. ISSN 2351-6674. 
  46. ↑ “Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine”. 《???? ???》. 2014? 11? 21?. 2022? 2? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2020? 12? 11?? ???. 
  47. ↑ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, ??. (2023). 《Ukraine's Unnamed War》. ????? ??? ???. 138–140?. 
  48. ↑ Ragozin, Leonid (2019? 3? 16?). “Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation”. ????. 2020? 11? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 24?? ???. 
  49. ↑ “Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement”. 《???》. 2014? 10? 23?. 2022? 3? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 28?? ???. 
  50. ↑ “Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)” (PDF). ???????. 2016? 11? 14?. 33–38?. 
  51. ↑ “Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible” (PDF). ??????. 2023? 1? 25?. 
  52. ↑ “Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region”. 《????》. 2018? 1? 18?. 
  53. ↑ Socor, Vladimir (2014? 3? 24?). “Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism” 11 (56). ???? ??? ???. 
  54. ↑ Kimmage, Michael (2024). 《Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability》. ???? ??? ???. 129?. 
  55. ↑ “Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?”. 《BBC ??》. 2014? 7? 28?. 
  56. ↑ O'Loughlin, John (2017). 《The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine》. 《??? ???? ????》 33. 124–144?. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452. 
  57. ↑ Pineles, Dean (2022? 3? 9?). “How the 'Kosovo Precedent' Shaped Putin's Plan to Invade Ukraine”. 《Balkan Insight》. 2024? 2? 9?? ???. 
  58. ↑ Ingimundarson, Valur. “The 'Kosovo Precedent': Russia's justification of military interventions and territorial revisions in Georgia and Ukraine” (PDF). 《LSE》. ?? ???????. 2024? 2? 9?? ???. 
  59. ↑ Tzimas, Themis. “Invoking the Kosovo Precedent: Can We Dismiss the Russian Argument?”. 《The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs》. 2024? 2? 9?? ???. 
  60. ↑ Rotaru, Vasile; Troncot?, Miruna (2017). 《Continuity and change in instrumentalizing 'The Precedent'. How Russia uses Kosovo to legitimize the annexation of Crimea》. 《Southeast European and Black Sea Studies》 17. 325–345?. doi:10.1080/14683857.2017.1348044. S2CID 157173954. 
  61. ↑ “Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot”. 《Ukrainska Pravda》. 2024? 2? 25?. 2024? 7? 15?? ???. 
  62. ↑ ? ? Blank, Stephen (2022? 1? 28?). “Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression”. ??? ???. 2024? 3? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 3? 8?? ???. 
  63. ↑ “Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO”. 《?????-?????》. 2014? 3? 29?. 
  64. ↑ “New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war”. 《???》. 2014? 5? 26?. 
  65. ↑ “Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality”. 《??? ?? ??/??? ???》. 2014? 12? 23?. 
  66. ↑ “How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality”. 《???????》. 
  67. ↑ “Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE”. ????. 2020? 7? 29?. 2022? 3? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 28?? ???. 
  68. ↑ Brands, Hal (2024? 4? 2?). 《War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World》 (??). JHU Press. 39?. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5. 
  69. ↑ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). 《Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians》 (??). ibidem. 237?. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2. 
  70. ↑ Brands, Hal (2024? 4? 2?). 《War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World》 (??). JHU Press. 5?. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5. 
  71. ↑ Ramani 2023, 11?.
  72. ↑ Hall, Stephen (2024? 1? 18?). “Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion”. 《? ?????》. 2025? 3? 25?? ???. 
  73. ↑ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (2024? 7? 17?). “How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine”. 《?? ???》. 2025? 3? 25?? ???. 
  74. ↑ ? ? Brumme, Christoph (2024? 1? 28?). “Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsf?hig”. 《Neue Zürcher Zeitung》 (??? ???). ISSN 0376-6829. 2024? 12? 6?? ???. 
  75. ↑ ? ? Margolina, Sonja (2024? 3? 23?). “Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft”. 《Neue Zürcher Zeitung》 (??? ???). ISSN 0376-6829. 2024? 12? 6?? ???. 
  76. ↑ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (2021? 4? 15?). “The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis”. ?? ??. 
  77. ↑ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (2021? 12? 3?). “Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns”. 《The Washington Post》. 2023? 2? 23?? ???. 
  78. ↑ Taylor, Adam (2022? 2? 24?). “Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack”. 《??? ???》. Photograph by ???? ????? (AP (???)). 2022? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 26?? ???. On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. 
  79. ↑ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (2022? 2? 24?). “Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead”. 《????》 (????? ???? ??). 2022? 2? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 26?? ???. Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' 
  80. ↑ Fo?tová, Klára (2022? 3? 8?). “Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v ?esku denně promlouvá, rusky ml?í a je 'neviditelny'” [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. 《??? ??? ???》 (???). 2022? 3? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 10?? ???. Zmejevsky ... 'D?razně jsme odmítli jako nepodlo?ená obvinění Ruska z p?ípravy, agrese v??i Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruskych jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. 
  81. ↑ “Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine” (PDF). United States Mission to the OSCE. 2021? 5? 20?. 2025? 3? 6?? ???. 
  82. ↑ “2021 trends and observations” (PDF). ?? ?? ?? ??. 2022. 2025? 5? 29?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2025? 3? 6?? ???. 
  83. ↑ Düben, Bj?rn Alexander (2023? 9? 8?). 《Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood》. 《LSE Public Policy Review》 3. doi:10.31389/lseppr.86. 
  84. ↑ Putin, Vladimir (2021? 7? 12?). “Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'”. 《???》. ??? ????. 2022? 1? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 1?? ???. 
  85. ↑ ? ? Perrigo, Billy (2022? 2? 22?). “What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood”. 《??》. 2023? 11? 6?? ???. 
  86. ↑ Snyder, Timothy D. (2022? 1? 18?). “How to think about war in Ukraine”. 《Thinking about... (newsletter)》. ????. 2022? 1? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 1? 25?? ???. Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. 
  87. ↑ Roth, Andrew (2021? 12? 7?). “Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor”. 《???》. 2021? 12? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 1? 25?? ???. fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. 
    • Lucas, Edward (2020? 9? 15?). “Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite”. 《???》. 2022? 1? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 9? 25?? ???. 
    • Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (2021? 7? 15?). “Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions”. ??? ???. 2021? 7? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 9? 25?? ???. Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. 
    • Wilson, Andrew (2021? 12? 23?). “Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?”. ?????????. 2022? 1? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 1? 25?? ???. Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. 
  88. ↑ Wi?nicki, Jaros?aw (2023? 7? 14?). “History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine”. 
  89. ↑ ? ? Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (2021? 12? 17?). “Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine”. 《???》. 2022? 2? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  90. ↑ ? ? Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). 《Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians》. ???? ??? ???. 17, 57?. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8. 
  91. ↑ MacKinnon, Mark (2021? 12? 21?). “Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line'”. 《??? ?? ??》. 2022? 1? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  92. ↑ Coyer, Cassandre (2022? 2? 25?). “Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say”. 《???? ???》. 2022? 3? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 28?? ???. 
  93. ↑ ? ? “NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight”. NATO. 2023? 5? 16?? ???. 
  94. ↑ “NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence"”. 《????》. 2021? 12? 1?. 2022? 2? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2021? 12? 17?? ???. 
  95. ↑ “US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine”. 《AP (???)》. 2022? 1? 26?. 
  96. ↑ “U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 1? 26?. 
  97. ↑ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (2022? 2? 8?). “France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis”. 《???》. 
  98. ↑ “Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons”. 《??? ??》. 2022? 8? 21?. 
  99. ↑ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (2022? 4? 1?). “Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It”. 《????? ??》. 2022? 6? 18?? ???. 
  100. ↑ Lutsevych, Orysia (2023? 6? 27?). “How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace”. ?? ?? ?? ???. doi:10.55317/9781784135782. 
  101. ↑ “West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky”. 《France 24》. 2022? 2? 19?. 2024? 2? 10?? ???. 
  102. ↑ ? ? ? “Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 2? 19?. 2025? 4? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  103. ↑ ? ? ? ? Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (2022? 2? 18?). “Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine”. 《???》. 2025? 4? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  104. ↑ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (2022? 11? 30?). “Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022” (PDF). ?????????. 1–12?. 2025? 6? 17?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 
  105. ↑ “Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign"”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 12? 2?. 
  106. ↑ “Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders”. 《??? ??》. 2022? 12? 1?. 
  107. ↑ “Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine”. 《???? ??》. 2022? 3? 20?. 
  108. ↑ Sheftalovich, Zoya (2022? 2? 26?). “Putin's miscalculation”. 《????》. 2022? 3? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 11?? ???. 
  109. ↑ AFP (2022? 3? 8?). “Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance”. 《France 24》. 2022? 12? 21?? ???. 
  110. ↑ Gabuev, Alexander (2022? 9? 23?). “Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine”. 《???? ???》. 2022? 9? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 12? 21?? ???. Putin's original plan — to take Kyiv in three days — was thwarted by the fierce resistance of the Ukrainians and by western support for Kyiv. Now we are seeing plan B, formed in response to developments on the ground.  Alt URL
  111. ↑ veth (2022? 2? 5?). “Lukashenka spoke about the war with Ukraine: it would last "maximum 3-4 days"”. 《Ukraine Today .org》 (?? ??). 2025? 1? 29?? ???. 
  112. ↑ “x.com”. 《X (?? ????)》. 2024? 9? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 1? 29?? ???. 
  113. ↑ Odesa, Michael Wasiura in; Ukraine (2023? 10? 6?). “Even Russian propaganda was hesitant to claim Kyiv would fall in three days”. 《????》 (??). 2025? 1? 29?? ???. 
  114. ↑ Copp, Tara (2022? 3? 2?). “'The Convoy Is Stalled': Logistics Failures Slow Russian Advance, Pentagon Says”. 《??? ?》. 2022? 3? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 12? 21?? ???. On Wednesday, Ukraine's security service posted a video of a captured Russian soldier who says he and his unit were sent across the border with only three days' food. 'Putin expected to capture Ukraine in three days,' Ukraine's security service wrote above the video, which could not be independently verified. 'By the order of the top Russian leadership, the phones and documents were taken from the fire brigades, removed food and water for three days and sent to war with Ukraine,' the agency said, according to the English translation of the post. 
  115. ↑ “Russian troops were given 3 days' worth of food before attack on Ukraine: SBU publishes video with captured soldier”. 《?????? ????》 (??). 2025? 1? 19?? ???. 
  116. ↑ “Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders”. 《??? ??》 (??). 2025? 1? 29?? ???. 
  117. ↑ “Ukrainian troops seize Russian flagship tank in Sumy”. 《?????? ????》 (??). 2025? 1? 29?? ???. 
  118. ↑ ЗСУ: Рос?яни взяли з собою в Укра?ну парадну в?йськову форму. 《Укра?нська правда》 (??????). 2025? 1? 29?? ???. 
  119. ↑ Coleman, Alistair (2022? 2? 28?). “Ukraine crisis: Russian news agency deletes victory editorial”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 3? 7?? ???. 
  120. ↑ Akopov, Petr (2022? 2? 26?). Наступление России и нового мира [The arrival/attack of Russia and the new world]. 《RIA Novosti》 (????). 2022? 2? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 7?? ???. 
  121. ↑ “Russia issued ultimatum to Ukraine in 2022 to replace Zelensky with Medvedchuk, president says”. 《??? ?????》 (??). 2025? 1? 22?. 2025? 2? 16?? ???. 
  122. ↑ “UK says Russia plotting to install pro-Moscow government in Ukraine”. 《????》 (??). 2022? 1? 23?. 2025? 2? 16?? ???. 
  123. ↑ “Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 2? 22?. 
  124. ↑ “Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation”. ??? ?? ???. 2022? 2? 22?. 2023? 3? 21?? ???. 
  125. ↑ ? ? ? “Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine”. 《?????》. 2022? 2? 24?. 2022? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  126. ↑ “Putin declares war on Ukraine”. 《??? ?????》. 2022? 2? 24?. 2022? 6? 24?? ???. 
  127. ↑ ? ? “Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine”. 《?????》. 2022? 2? 24?. 
  128. ↑ ? ? “Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 2? 24?. 2022? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  129. ↑ “Missiles rain down around Ukraine”. 《???》. 2022? 2? 25?. 
  130. ↑ Dietrich, Marc (2023). 《A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas》. Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4. 
  131. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (2022? 3? 5?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4”. 《CriticalThreats》. 2022? 3? 5?? ???. 
  132. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (2022? 3? 4?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 3? 5?? ???. 
  133. ↑ Sheftalovich, Zoya (2022? 2? 24?). “Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war”. 《????》. 2022? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  134. ↑ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (2022? 2? 27?). “Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol”. 《USNI News》. 
  135. ↑ “Putin”. 《? ???》. 2023? 2? 23?. 2023? 11? 14?? ???. 
  136. ↑ Lock, Samantha (2022? 2? 24?). “Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates”. 《???》. 2022? 2? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 24?? ???. 
  137. ↑ “Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization”. 《?????-?????》. 2022? 2? 25?. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  138. ↑ Gilbert, Asha C. (2022? 2? 25?). “Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country”. 《USA ???》. 2022? 3? 26?? ???. 
  139. ↑ ? ? ? Bielieskov, Mykola (2021? 9? 21?). 《The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare》. 《????????》. 2021? 11? 25?? ???. 
  140. ↑ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (2022? 2? 26?). “Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance”. 《NBC ??》. 2022? 9? 16?? ???. 
  141. ↑ “Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages”. 《AP (???) ??》. 2022? 4? 7?. 2022? 9? 16?? ???. 
  142. ↑ ? ? Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (2022? 4? 6?). “NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region”. 2022? 4? 7?? ???. 
  143. ↑ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (2022? 4? 26?). “US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion'”. 《??? ? ??????》 (???? ?? ??, ??). 2022? 5? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 9?? ???. 
  144. ↑ Barnes, Julian E. (2022? 5? 10?). “The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. 2022? 5? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 27?? ???. 
  145. ↑ ? ? Sabbagh, Dan (2022? 5? 31?). “Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia”. 《???》. 
  146. ↑ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (2022? 5? 28?). “Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War”. 《????》. 
  147. ↑ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (2022? 5? 30?). “War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable'”. 《19fortyfive.com》. 
  148. ↑ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (2022? 3? 20?). “Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate”. 《??? ???》. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. 2022? 3? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 6? 6?? ???. 
  149. ↑ Kemp, Richard (2022? 3? 22?). “The Russian army has run out of time”. 《??? ?????》. 2022? 3? 24?? ???. 
  150. ↑ Ward, Alexander (2022? 2? 25?). “'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says”. 《????》. 2022? 2? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 26?? ???. 
  151. ↑ “Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital”. 《???? ???》. 2022? 2? 26?. ISSN 0307-1766. 2022? 2? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 26?? ???. 
  152. ↑ “Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv”. AP (???) ??. 2022? 2? 25?. 2023? 2? 28?? ???. 
  153. ↑ Stern, David L. (2022? 3? 5?). “After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 3? 6?? ???. 
  154. ↑ Lister, Tim; Josh; Luke; Radina (2022? 3? 7?). “'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb”. CNN. 2022? 3? 9?? ???. 
  155. ↑ “Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical”. ?????. 2022? 3? 7?. 2022? 3? 9?? ???. 
  156. ↑ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (2022? 3? 8?). “"Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender”. CNN. 2022? 3? 8?? ???. 
  157. ↑ Murphy, Paul (2022? 3? 11?). “Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show”. CNN. 2022? 3? 11?? ???. 
  158. ↑ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (2022? 3? 16?). “Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities”. 《????? ??》. 2022? 3? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 16?? ???. 
  159. ↑ Gordon, Michael R.; Alex (2022? 3? 21?). “The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B'”. 《????? ??》. 2022? 3? 24?? ???. 
  160. ↑ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (2022? 2? 27?). “Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official”. 《???》. 2022? 3? 24?? ???. 
  161. ↑ “Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 3? 23?. 2022? 3? 29?? ???. 
  162. ↑ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Samantha (2022? 3? 25?). “Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live”. 《???》. 2022? 3? 25?? ???. 
  163. ↑ “Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 4? 2?? ???. 
  164. ↑ Rudenko, Olga (2022? 4? 2?). “Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)”. 《??? ?????》. 2022? 4? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 4? 3?? ???. 
  165. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun; Lamothe, Dan (2022? 4? 6?). “Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 4? 7?? ???. 
  166. ↑ Kalatur, Anastasiya (2022? 4? 8?). “Sumy region liberated from Russian troops”. 《?????? ????》. 2022? 4? 15?? ???. 
  167. ↑ “Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson”. ?????. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  168. ↑ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (2022? 2? 24?). Balmforth, Tom, ??. “Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says”. 《???》. 2022? 3? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  169. ↑ Schwirtz, Michael; Pérez-Pe?a, Richard (2022? 3? 2?). “First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 3? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 3?? ???. 
  170. ↑ “Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts”. ?????. 2022? 3? 4?. 2022? 3? 4?? ???. 
  171. ↑ “Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 2? 26?. 2022? 2? 28?? ???. 
  172. ↑ “Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor”. ?????. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  173. ↑ ? ? Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (2022? 3? 24?). “Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk”. CNN. 2022? 3? 24?? ???. 
  174. ↑ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (2022? 2? 26?). “Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet” Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (????). Berdyansk City Council. ????? ?????. 2022? 2? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 26?? ???. 
  175. ↑ NEXTA [nexta_tv] (2022? 2? 26?). “The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. t.co/jwsIoORzH0” (??). 2022? 2? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 28?? ???. 
  176. ↑ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (2022? 3? 1?). “Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday”. CNN. 2022? 3? 1?? ???. 
  177. ↑ Boffey, Daniel; Tondo, Lorenzo (2022? 3? 18?). “Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts”. 《???》. 2022? 3? 21?? ???. 
  178. ↑ “Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear”. ??? ?? ??. 2022? 3? 21?. 2022? 3? 21?? ???. 
  179. ↑ Scully, Rachel (2022? 3? 27?). “Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore'”. 《? ?》. 2022? 3? 29?? ???. 
  180. ↑ “Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 3? 30?. 2022? 3? 31?? ???. 
  181. ↑ “Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails”. 《?? ??》. 2022? 4? 1?. 2022? 4? 3?? ???. 
  182. ↑ Losh, Jack (2022? 2? 25?). “Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 27?? ???. 
  183. ↑ Bennett, Dalton (2022? 4? 7?). “In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 2? 21?? ???. 
  184. ↑ Trevelyan, Mark, ??. (2022? 3? 25?). “Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass”. ??: ??! ????. ???. 2022? 3? 28?? ???. 
  185. ↑ “Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa”. 《????? ???》 (SPH ??? ????). ???. 2022? 4? 3?. 2022? 4? 6?? ???. 
  186. ↑ “Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster”. NPR. 2022? 3? 11?. 2022? 4? 1?? ???. 
  187. ↑ Picheta, Rob (2022? 4? 6?). “The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine”. CNN. 2022? 4? 15?? ???. 
  188. ↑ ? ? “Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end”. 《??? ???? ??》. 2022? 4? 17?. 
  189. ↑ ? ? Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (2022? 4? 19?). “Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 4? 20?? ???. 
  190. ↑ “US official briefs on Russia's war effort”. BBC. 2022? 5? 2?. 
  191. ↑ “Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine”. 2022? 6? 6?. 
  192. ↑ Koshiw, Isobel (2022? 6? 10?). “We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine”. 《???》. 
  193. ↑ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (2022? 6? 29?). “Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief”. 《???》. 2022? 7? 2?? ???. 
  194. ↑ Rainford, Sarah (2022? 7? 5?). “Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture”. 《BBC ??》. 
  195. ↑ Cherkasov, Alexander (2022? 6? 26?). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (??????). ??? ???. 
  196. ↑ “Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 7? 20?. 
  197. ↑ “Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence”. 《?????? ????》. 2022? 7? 29?. 2022? 8? 27?? ???. 
  198. ↑ Axe, David (2022? 9? 15?). “The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine.”. 《???》. 2022? 9? 19?? ??? – MSN ??. 
  199. ↑ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (2022? 4? 13?). “Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition'”. 《???》. 2025? 4? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 4? 15?? ???. 
  200. ↑ Schreck, Adam (2022? 4? 21?). “Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts”. 《AP (???) ??》. 2025? 6? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  201. ↑ Prentice, Alessandra (2022? 4? 28?). “U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse'”. 《???》 (???). 2022? 4? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 24?? ???. 
  202. ↑ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (2022? 5? 1?). “Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N.”. 《??! ??》. ???. 2024? 9? 2?? ???. 
  203. ↑ “Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped”. 《???》. 2022? 5? 3?. 2022? 5? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 9?? ???. 
  204. ↑ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (2022? 5? 5?). “Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks”. 《??? ?????》. 
  205. ↑ “'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol”. 《NPR》. 2022? 5? 7?. 2022? 6? 2?? ???. 
  206. ↑ Koshiw, Isobel (2022? 5? 8?). “'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol”. 《???》. 2025? 5? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  207. ↑ Petrenko, Roman (2022? 5? 8?). “Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city”. 《??! ??》. ?????? ????. 2025? 3? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 6? 2?? ???. 
  208. ↑ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (2022? 5? 8?). “Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan”. 《???? ??》. 2022? 6? 2?? ???. 
  209. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie; Ivan; Marc (2022? 5? 16?). “Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege.”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2022? 5? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 16?? ???. 
  210. ↑ Harrison, Virginia; agencies (2022? 5? 17?). “Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands”. 《???》. 2022? 5? 17?? ???. 
  211. ↑ “Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender”. 《???》 (????). 2022? 5? 17?. 2022? 5? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 17?? ???. 
  212. ↑ ? ? “Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine”. 《Reuters》. 2023? 10? 5?. 2025? 2? 15?? ???. 
  213. ↑ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (2022? 4? 8?). “'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates”. 《USA ???》. 2022? 4? 8?? ???. 
  214. ↑ “Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol”. 《NBC ??》. 2022? 4? 11?. 2022? 4? 15?? ???. 
  215. ↑ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; Tebor, Celina (2022? 4? 10?). “EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap”. 《USA ???》. 2022? 4? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 28?? ???. 
  216. ↑ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (2022? 4? 10?). “As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 4? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 23?? ???. 
  217. ↑ Saric, Ivana (2022? 4? 10?). “Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region”. 《????》. 
  218. ↑ “Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east”. 《???》. 2022? 4? 18?. 2022? 4? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 23?? ???. 
  219. ↑ Murphy, Matt (2022? 5? 23?). “Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies”. BBC. 2022? 5? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 26?? ???. 
  220. ↑ “Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader”. 《???????》. 2022? 5? 25?. ISSN 1038-8761. 2022? 5? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 6? 15?? ???. 
  221. ↑ “Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say”. 《???》. 2022? 5? 26?. 
  222. ↑ Markic, Igor. “Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk” [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. 《???? ?? ??》 (?????). ?? ??????? ? ????. 2022? 5? 22?? ???. 
  223. ↑ “Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk”. 《??! ??》. 2022? 5? 24?? ???. 
  224. ↑ “Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas”. 《NBC ??》. 2022? 5? 30?. 2022? 6? 2?? ???. 
  225. ↑ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Adela; Bryan; Rachel (2022? 6? 2?). “Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink”. 《??? ???》. 2022? 6? 5?? ???. 
  226. ↑ “Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine”. 《????》. 2022? 6? 4?. 2022? 6? 5?? ???. 
  227. ↑ “Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 6? 11?. 2022? 8? 9?? ???. 
  228. ↑ Sauer, Pjotr (2022? 6? 12?). “Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit”. 《???》. 2022? 8? 9?? ???. 
  229. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (2022? 6? 13?). “Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter” (PDF). 《?? ???》. 59,453 Late, New York?. 1?. 
  230. ↑ Hughes, Clyde (2022? 6? 20?). “Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle”. 《UPI》. 
  231. ↑ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (2022? 6? 24?). “Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on”. 《CNN》. 
  232. ↑ “Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine”. 《CBS ??》. 2022? 7? 3?. 
  233. ↑ Jones, Sam (2022? 7? 4?). “Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk”. 《???》. 
  234. ↑ “Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro”. 《????》. 2022? 4? 10?. 2023? 10? 1?? ???. 
  235. ↑ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2022? 5? 2?). “Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions”. ??! ??. 2022? 6? 2?? ???. 
  236. ↑ Lewis, Simon (2022? 6? 28?). “Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18”. 《???》. 
  237. ↑ “Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine”. 《??? 24》. 2022? 7? 7?. 2022? 8? 13?? ???. 
  238. ↑ Murphy, Francois (2023? 7? 20?). “Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says”. 《???》. 2023? 9? 24?? ???. 
  239. ↑ “Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy”. Nuclear Engineering International. 2022? 8? 22?. 2023? 10? 1?? ???. 
  240. ↑ “UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP”. ?? 97. 2022? 8? 20?. 
  241. ↑ “The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant”. 《?????? ????》. 2022? 8? 20?? ???. 
  242. ↑ ? ? Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (2022? 9? 6?). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (???). Institute for the Study of War. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  243. ↑ Troianovski, Anton (2022? 9? 12?). “Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin” (PDF). 《?? ???》. 59544 Late, New York?. 1?. 
  244. ↑ “Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence”. 《??? 24》. 2022? 9? 21?. 2022? 9? 21?? ???. 
  245. ↑ “Ukraina odpowiada na or?dzie W?adimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent"” [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. 《gazetapl》 (????). 2022? 9? 21?. 2022? 9? 21?? ???. 
  246. ↑ Ellyatt, Holly (2022? 9? 21?). “Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization”. 《CNBC》. 2022? 9? 21?? ???. 
  247. ↑ “'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities”. 《???? ???》. 2022? 10? 4?. 2022? 11? 3?? ???. 
  248. ↑ “Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 9? 27?. 2022? 9? 29?? ???. 
  249. ↑ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Tim (2022? 9? 30?). “Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law”. 《CNN》. 2023? 1? 26?? ???. 
  250. ↑ Trevelyan, Mark (2022? 9? 30?). “Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony”. 《???》. 2022? 9? 30?? ???. 
  251. ↑ “Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway”. 《NBC ??》. 2022? 8? 31?? ???. 
  252. ↑ Asami, Terajima (2022? 9? 4?). “Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east”. 《??? ?????》. 2022? 9? 5?? ???. 
  253. ↑ Dammers, Tobias (2022? 9? 10?). “Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser"” [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. 《?????》 (???). 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  254. ↑ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (2022? 10? 4?). “Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 10? 10?? ???. 
  255. ↑ “Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive”. 《???》. 2022? 10? 9?. 2022? 10? 10?? ???. 
  256. ↑ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (2022? 11? 9?). “Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance”. 《???》. 2022? 11? 10?? ???. 
  257. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (2022? 11? 11?). “Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2022? 11? 11?? ???. 
  258. ↑ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (2022? 9? 7?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7”. Institute for the Study of War. 2022? 9? 10?? ??? – understandingwar.org ??. 
  259. ↑ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (2022? 9? 8?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8”. ?? ???. 2022? 9? 10?? ??? – understandingwar.org ??. 
  260. ↑ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (2022? 9? 9?). “Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  261. ↑ Osterman, Cynthia (2022? 9? 9?). “Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official”. 《???》. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  262. ↑ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (2022? 9? 9?). “Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance”. 《CNN》. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  263. ↑ “Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media”. 《????? ???》. 2022? 9? 10?. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  264. ↑ “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9”. 2022? 9? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  265. ↑ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (2022? 9? 10?). “Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line”. 《???》. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  266. ↑ “Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says”. 《???》. 2022? 9? 15?. 
  267. ↑ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (2022? 10? 1?). “Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response”. 《???》. 2022? 10? 10?? ???. 
  268. ↑ ? ? ? “Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains”. 《???? ???》. AFP. 2023? 4? 8?. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  269. ↑ Trofimov, Yaroslav. “Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter”. 《????? ??》. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  270. ↑ ? ? ? Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (2023? 4? 6?). “How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  271. ↑ Galeotti, Mark (2023? 5? 24?). “Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?”. 《?????》. 2023? 5? 25?? ???. 
  272. ↑ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (2023? 2? 6?). “Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2023? 3? 25?? ???. 
  273. ↑ “The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war”. 《?????》. 2023? 1? 13?. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  274. ↑ Grove, Thomas (2023? 1? 24?). “Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine”. 《????? ??》. A6?.  ^“Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut”. 《Bloomberg.com》. 2023? 1? 22?. 2023? 6? 17?? ???. 
  275. ↑ Santora, Marc (2023? 2? 16?). “Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  276. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (2023? 3? 1?). “How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  277. ↑ Sauer, Pjotr (2023? 3? 27?). “Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating”. 《???》. 2024? 1? 25?? ???. 
  278. ↑ Axe, David (2024? 1? 18?). “'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down.”. 《???》. 2024? 1? 25?? ???. 
  279. ↑ “Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar”. 《??? ?????》. 2023? 1? 15?. 2023? 1? 16?? ???. 
  280. ↑ “Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar”. 《MSN》. 2023? 1? 16?? ???. 
  281. ↑ “Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut”. 《?? ???》. 2023? 2? 1?. 
  282. ↑ “Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor”. BBC ??. 2023? 3? 4?. 2023? 3? 4?? ???. 
  283. ↑ Stepanenko, Kateryna (2023? 5? 24?). “The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut”. 《?? ???》. 
  284. ↑ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (2023? 6? 3?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2023? 6? 3?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 
  285. ↑ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (2023? 6? 27?). “Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown”. 《ABC ??》. 2025? 6? 7?? ???. 
  286. ↑ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (2023? 6? 8?). “Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia”. 《NBC ??》. 
  287. ↑ Dettmer, Jamie (2023? 6? 9?). “Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance”. 《????》. 
  288. ↑ Balmforth, Tom (2023? 6? 12?). “Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive”. 《???》. 
  289. ↑ “Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin”. 《AP (???)》. 2023? 6? 25?. 
  290. ↑ “Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia”. 《BBC ??》. 2023? 7? 1?. 
  291. ↑ “Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister”. 《???》. 2023? 8? 13?. 
  292. ↑ “Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack”. 《???》. 2023? 9? 13?. 
  293. ↑ “As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants”. 《CBS ??》. 2023? 9? 21?. 
  294. ↑ “Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report”. 《????》. 
  295. ↑ Stern, David L. (2023? 9? 22?). “Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol”. 《??? ???》. ISSN 0190-8286. 
  296. ↑ Kilner, James (2023? 9? 23?). “Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike”. 《??? ?????》. ISSN 0307-1235. 
  297. ↑ ? ? Page, Lewis (2023? 11? 12?). “Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why”. 《?????》. 2023? 12? 12?? ???. 
  298. ↑ Mazurenko, Alona (2023? 11? 30?). “Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas”. 《?????? ????》. 
  299. ↑ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (2023? 12? 11?). “U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase”. 《?? ???》. 2023? 12? 12?? ???. 
  300. ↑ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (2023? 12? 4?). “Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses”. 《??? ???》. 2023? 12? 12?? ???. 
  301. ↑ Cole, Brendan (2023? 10? 26?). “Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army”. 《????》. 2023? 10? 27?? ???. 
  302. ↑ “Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka”. 《France 24》. 2023? 11? 29?. 2023? 12? 12?? ???. 
  303. ↑ Lukiv, Jaroslav (2024? 2? 17?). “Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town”. 《BBC News》. 2024? 2? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 2? 17?? ???. 
  304. ↑ Walker, Shaun (2024? 2? 17?). “Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says”. 《???》. ISSN 0261-3077. 2024? 2? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 2? 17?? ???. 
  305. ↑ “Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians”. 《?? ???》. 2024? 2? 17?. 2024? 2? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 2? 17?? ???. 
  306. ↑ “Ukraine withdrawing from Avdiivka, where outnumbered defenders held out for 4 months”. 《ABC ??》. 2024? 2? 17?. 2024? 2? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 2? 17?? ???. 
  307. ↑ Axe, David (2024? 3? 8?). “Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day”. 《???》. 2024? 4? 13?? ???. 
  308. ↑ Watling, Jack (2024? 2? 19?). “The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage”. 《Time》. 2024? 4? 19?? ???. 
  309. ↑ Kullab, Samya; Morton, Elise (2024? 5? 25?). “Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue”. 《AP News》. 2024? 6? 7?? ???. 
  310. ↑ Mayer, Daryna; Talmazan, Yuliya (2024? 5? 17?). “Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea”. 《NBC News》. 2024? 6? 7?? ???. 
  311. ↑ Dress, Brad (2024? 6? 7?). “US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over'”. 《The Hill》. 2024? 6? 12?? ???. 
  312. ↑ Barnes, Joe (2024? 4? 24?). “Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned”. 《The Telegraph》. 
  313. ↑ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (2024? 5? 4?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2024? 5? 4?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2024? 5? 5?? ???. 
  314. ↑ Santora, Marc (2024? 5? 14?). “How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians”. 《The New York Times》. 
  315. ↑ “Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks”. 《Euromaidan Press》. 2024? 4? 7?. 
  316. ↑ “Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2024? 7? 4?. 
  317. ↑ “Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 7? 4?. 
  318. ↑ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (2024? 7? 18?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2024? 7? 18?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2024? 7? 19?? ???. 
  319. ↑ Struck, Julia (2024? 7? 7?). “Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches”. 《Kyiv Post》. 
  320. ↑ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (2024? 6? 21?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2024? 6? 21?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2024? 7? 13?? ???. 
  321. ↑ “The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front”. 《Meduza》. 2024? 7? 26?. 
  322. ↑ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (2024? 7? 19?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2024? 7? 19?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2024? 7? 19?? ???. 
  323. ↑ Méheut, Constant (2024? 8? 7?). “Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia”. 《The New York Times》. 2024? 8? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  324. ↑ Farrell, Francis (2024? 8? 8?). “Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil”. 《Kyiv Independent》. 
  325. ↑ Méheut, Constant (2024? 8? 15?). “Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says”. 《The New York Times》. 
  326. ↑ “Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities”. 《Associated Press》. 2024? 8? 16?. 
  327. ↑ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (2024? 8? 17?). “How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia”. 《CNN》. 2024? 8? 18?? ???. 
  328. ↑ ? ? O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (2024? 8? 31?). “Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault”. 《The Washington Post》. 
  329. ↑ Evans, Angelica (2025? 2? 6?). “Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2025? 2? 27?? ???. 
  330. ↑ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (2025? 1? 21?). “Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk”. 《Hudson Institute》. 2025? 2? 27?? ???. 
  331. ↑ ? ? Miller, Christopher (2024? 8? 30?). “Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences”. 《FT》. 2024? 8? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 8? 31?? ???. 
  332. ↑ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (2024? 8? 22?). “Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east”. 《The Washington Post》. 
  333. ↑ “The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town”. 《The Economist》. 2024? 8? 22?. 
  334. ↑ “Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine”. 《Associated Press》. 2024? 8? 22?. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. 
  335. ↑ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (2024? 9? 10?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2024? 9? 10?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2024? 9? 10?? ???. Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. 
  336. ↑ Méheut, Constant (2024? 9? 18?). “Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot”. 《The New York Times》. 2024? 9? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 9? 18?? ???. 
  337. ↑ “Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 9? 24?. 
  338. ↑ Kilner, James (2024? 10? 1?). “Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold”. 《The Daily Telegraph》. 
  339. ↑ Harding, Luke (2024? 10? 2?). “Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar”. 《The Guardian》. 2024? 10? 9?? ???. 
  340. ↑ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (2024? 10? 30?). “Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general”. 《The Daily Telegraph》. 2024? 11? 7?? ???. 
  341. ↑ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (2024? 11? 1?). “As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase”. 《The New York Times》. 2024? 11? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  342. ↑ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (2024? 11? 29?). “Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia”. 《AP News》. 
  343. ↑ “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2024? 12? 31?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》 (??). 2024? 12? 31?. 2025? 4? 17?? ???. 
  344. ↑ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (2025? 1? 3?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2025? 1? 3?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 
  345. ↑ Eckel, Mike (2025? 1? 3?). “Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv”. 《Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty》. 
  346. ↑ “Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says”. 《Reuters》. 2025? 2? 15?. 
  347. ↑ “Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine”. 《AP News》 (??). 2025? 1? 26?. 2025? 4? 17?? ???. 
  348. ↑ “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, 2025? 2? 2?”. 《Institute for the Study of War》 (??). 2025? 2? 2?. 2025? 4? 17?? ???. 
  349. ↑ “Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2025? 1? 12?. 
  350. ↑ Basmat, Dmytro (2025? 2? 18?). “Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says”. 《The Kyiv Independent》. 
  351. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (2022? 5? 16?). “Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources”. 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077. 2023? 10? 10?? ???. 
  352. ↑ Shuster, Simon (2022? 9? 26?). “Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War”. 《Time》. 2023? 9? 10?? ???. 
  353. ↑ ? ? “Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects”. Congressional Research Service. 2023? 2? 13?. 2023? 10? 10?? ???. 
  354. ↑ Hodge, Nathan (2022? 4? 11?). “Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?”. 《CNN》. 
  355. ↑ “The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?”. 《ABC》. 2023? 9? 10?. 2023? 10? 10?? ???. 
  356. ↑ Deliso, Meredith (2022? 5? 8?). “Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals”. 《ABC News》. 2023? 6? 26?? ???. 
  357. ↑ “Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U”. 《Rostov Gazeta》. 2022? 2? 25?. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  358. ↑ Insinna, Valerie (2022? 9? 19?). “It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals”. 《Breaking Defense》. 2022? 12? 26?? ???. 
  359. ↑ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (2022? 10? 22?). “Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure”. 《CNN》. 2022? 12? 26?? ???. 
  360. ↑ “UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10”. 《The Kyiv Independent》. 2022? 11? 25?. 2022? 12? 26?? ???. 
  361. ↑ “Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2022? 12? 26?? ???. 
  362. ↑ “Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases”. 《english.nv.ua》. 2023? 2? 11?? ???. 
  363. ↑ Boffey, Daniel (2025? 6? 6?). “'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb”. 《The Guardian》. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  364. ↑ Bego, Katja (2025? 6? 5?). “Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention”. 《Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank》. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  365. ↑ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (2025? 6? 5?). “Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say”. 《Reuters》. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  366. ↑ Gozzi, Laura (2025? 6? 2?). “How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers”. 《BBC News》. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  367. ↑ Bondar, Kateryna (2025? 6? 3?). “How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare”. 《CSIS》. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  368. ↑ “Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?”. 《NBC News》. 2025? 6? 7?. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  369. ↑ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2025? 6? 2?). “Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft”. 《The Guardian》. 2025? 6? 10?? ???. 
  370. ↑ “Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack”. 《Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty》. 2022? 7? 31?. 2022? 8? 23?? ???. 
  371. ↑ Cheetham, Joshua (2022? 8? 11?). “Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 9? 6?? ???. 
  372. ↑ Sands, Leo (2022? 9? 7?). “Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 9? 12?? ???. 
  373. ↑ Galeotti, Mark. “Ukraine's Crimean strike marks a new stage of the war”. 《The Spectator》. 2022? 8? 19?? ???. 
  374. ↑ Kirby, Paul (2022? 8? 16?). “Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 8? 19?? ???. 
  375. ↑ Graham-Harrison, Emma (2022? 8? 19?). “Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea”. 《The Guardian》. 2022? 8? 19?? ???. 
  376. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (2022? 10? 11?). “Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3”. 《The New York Times》. eISSN 1553-8095. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. 2022? 10? 8?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 8?? ???. 
  377. ↑ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (2023? 7? 16?). “Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia”. 《CNN》. 2023? 7? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 7? 16?? ???. 
  378. ↑ Goldsmith, Adam (2025? 6? 3?). “Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion”. 《BBC News》. 2025? 6? 7?? ???. 
  379. ↑ “Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine”. 《Associated Press News》. 2022? 12? 16?. 2022? 12? 17?? ???. 
  380. ↑ Impelli, Matthew (2022? 10? 6?). “Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine”. 《Newsweek》. 2022? 12? 17?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 12? 17?? ???. 
  381. ↑ “Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine”. Al-Arabiya. 2022? 10? 8?. 2022? 10? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 8?? ???. 
  382. ↑ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (2022? 10? 16?). “Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say”. 《The Washington Post》. 
  383. ↑ “Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 10? 18?. 
  384. ↑ ? ? Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (2022? 10? 16?). “Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine”. 《CNN》. 2023? 9? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 10? 18?? ???. 
  385. ↑ “European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine”. 《France 24》. Agence France-Presse. 2022? 10? 22?. 2022? 11? 5?? ???. 
  386. ↑ Atwood, Kylie (2022? 11? 1?). “Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say”. 《CNN》. 2022? 11? 29?? ???. 
  387. ↑ “Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2022? 11? 17?. 
  388. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E. (2023? 3? 10?). “Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks”. 《The New York Times》. 
  389. ↑ “UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective”. 《The Kyiv Independent》. 2022? 12? 1?. 
  390. ↑ Cranny-Evans, Sam (2024? 6? 24?). “Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure”. 《Royal United Services Institute》. 
  391. ↑ “Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack”. 《Bellingcat》. 2024? 7? 9?. 
  392. ↑ Arhirova, Hanna (2024? 7? 11?). “Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer”. 《AP》. 2025? 5? 18?? ???. 
  393. ↑ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (2024? 7? 8?). “Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43”. 《CNN》. 2025? 5? 18?? ???. 
  394. ↑ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (2024? 7? 8?). “Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine”. 《BBC News》. 2025? 5? 18?? ???. 
  395. ↑ “Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital”. 《CBC News》. 2024? 7? 8?. 2025? 5? 18?? ???. 
  396. ↑ Melkozerova, Veronika (2024? 7? 8?). “Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine”. 《Politico》. 2025? 5? 18?? ???. 
  397. ↑ “Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey”. Al Jazeera. 2022? 3? 2?. 2022? 3? 29?? ???. 
  398. ↑ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (2022? 2? 25?). “Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities”. 《Jane's Defence Weekly》. 
  399. ↑ “Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island”. 《The Maritime Executive》. 2022? 2? 24?. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  400. ↑ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (2022? 2? 24?). “2022? 2? 24? Russia-Ukraine news”. CNN. Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  401. ↑ Visontay, Elias (2022? 2? 25?). “Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island”. 《The Guardian》. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  402. ↑ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (2022? 2? 26?). “Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy”. 《CNN》. 2022? 2? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  403. ↑ Evans, Michael. “Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in”. 《The Times》. 2022? 3? 4?? ???. 
  404. ↑ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (2022? 3? 24?). Heavens, Andrew, ??. “Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship”. 《Reuters》. 2022? 3? 24?? ???. 
  405. ↑ Saul, Jonathan (2022? 3? 12?). “UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict”. 《Reuters》. 2022? 5? 22?? ???. 
  406. ↑ Pedrozo, Raul (2022? 4? 12?). “Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts”. 《West Point》. United States Military Academy. 2022? 5? 22?? ???. 
  407. ↑ “Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation” (PDF). 《Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO》. International Maritime Organization. 2022? 3? 28?. Circular Letter No.4543. 2022? 6? 8?? ???. 
  408. ↑ “Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live”. 《The Guardian》. 2022? 4? 16?. ISSN 0261-3077. 2022? 4? 16?? ???. 
  409. ↑ “Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship”. 《The Free Press Journal》. 2022? 4? 14?. 2022? 4? 14?? ???. 
  410. ↑ Forgey, Quint (2022? 4? 14?). “Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship”. 《Politico》. 2022? 4? 14?? ???. 
  411. ↑ “Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 4? 14?. 2022? 4? 14?? ???. 
  412. ↑ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (2022? 4? 15?). “Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv”. 《Reuters》. 
  413. ↑ Ohanes, Gasia (2022? 5? 14?). “Did US intelligence-sharing with Ukraine cross a line?”. 《Deutsche Welle》. 
  414. ↑ “US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva”. 《ABC News》. 2022? 5? 6?. 
  415. ↑ “Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports”. 《Yahoo! News》. Ukrainska Pravda. 2022? 5? 31?. 2022? 6? 1?? ???. 
  416. ↑ “Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul”. 《Le Monde》. 2022? 7? 22?. 2022? 8? 2?? ???. 
  417. ↑ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage,", 2023? 12? 26?, Reuters; video and transcript on YouTube; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 2023? 12? 26?
  418. ↑ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 2023? 12? 26?, Fox News, retrieved 2023? 12? 26?
  419. ↑ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate,", 2023? 12? 26?, The Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2023? 12? 26?
  420. ↑ “Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike”. 《The Telegraph》. 2024? 2? 1?. 2024? 2? 1?? ???. 
  421. ↑ Greenall, Robert (2024? 2? 1?). “Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea'”. 《BBC Home》. 2024? 2? 1?? ???. 
  422. ↑ Goryashko, Sergey (2024? 2? 14?). “Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast”. 《Politico》. 2024? 2? 14?? ???. 
  423. ↑ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (2024? 2? 14?). “Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 2? 14?? ???. 
  424. ↑ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (2022? 2? 28?). “In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault”. 《The Washington Post》. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. 2022? 3? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 30?? ???. 
  425. ↑ Kirby, Jen (2022? 3? 3?). “The other members of Ukraine's resistance”. 《Vox》. 2022? 3? 10?? ???. 
  426. ↑ Doubek, James (2022? 3? 1?). “Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military”. 《NPR》. 
  427. ↑ Bella, Timothy (2022? 2? 26?). “Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia”. 《The Washington Post》. 
  428. ↑ ? ? ? Hunter, Daniel (2022? 3? 1?). “How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force”. 《YES! Magazine》. 2022? 3? 8?? ???. 
  429. ↑ Motyl, Alexander J. (2022? 4? 12?). “Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine”. 《Foreign Policy》. 2022? 4? 13?? ???. 
  430. ↑ “Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2022? 2? 28?. 2022? 3? 8?? ???. 
  431. ↑ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Voitovych, Olga (2022? 3? 5?). “Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest”. 《CNN International》. 2022? 3? 8?? ???. 
  432. ↑ “Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere”. 《The Economist》. 2022? 3? 9?. 2022? 3? 10?? ???. 
  433. ↑ Judah, Tim (2022? 4? 10?). “How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders”. 《Financial Times》. 2025? 6? 7?? ???. 
  434. ↑ “Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now.”. 《The Kyiv Independent》. 2022? 5? 21?. 2022? 6? 2?? ???. 
  435. ↑ Cyuzuzo, Samba (2022? 9? 18?). “Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco”. 《BBC News》. 2022? 9? 26?? ???. 
  436. ↑ ? ? Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (2022? 2? 24?). “EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine”. 《Reuters》. 2022? 2? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 26?? ???. 
  437. ↑ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (2022? 3? 9?). “Tracking sanctions against Russia”. 《Reuters》. 2022? 5? 28?? ???. 
  438. ↑ “NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine”. 《NATO》. 2022? 10? 27?? ???. 
  439. ↑ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (2024? 3? 20?). “Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts”. 《CNN》. 
  440. ↑ ? ? Wolf, Zachary (2023? 9? 21?). “$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone”. 《CNN》. 
  441. ↑ ? ? ? “How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?”. 《Council on Foreign Relations》. 2024? 9? 27?. 
  442. ↑ Mills, Claire (2024? 5? 12?). “Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion”. 《House of Commons Library》. 
  443. ↑ “How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works”. 《Lawfare》. 2024? 7? 16?. 
  444. ↑ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (2023? 1? 18?). “Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine”. 《Politico》. 2023? 1? 18?? ???. 
  445. ↑ “How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War”. 《The New York Times》. 2023? 6? 22?. 
  446. ↑ Brunnstrom, David (2024? 9? 19?). “Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 9? 30?? ???. 
  447. ↑ LeBlanc, Paul (2022? 2? 28?). “Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine”. CNN. 2022? 4? 20?? ???. 
  448. ↑ Méheut, Constant; Breeden, Aurelien (2024? 2? 26?). “Macron Does Not Rule Out Sending Western Troops to Ukraine”. 《The New York Times》. 
  449. ↑ “Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit”. 《The Guardian》. 2022? 4? 26?. 
  450. ↑ Dickinson, Peter (2024? 9? 17?). “Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines”. 《Atlantic Council》. 
  451. ↑ “Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2023? 10? 6?. 2024? 2? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 2? 21?? ???. 
  452. ↑ Stezhensky, Alex (2025? 5? 3?). “Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate”. 《New Voice of Ukraine》 (??). 2025? 5? 4?? ???. 
  453. ↑ Brown, Larisa (2025? 5? 2?). “Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win”. 《www.thetimes.com》 (??). 2025? 5? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 5? 4?? ???. 
  454. ↑ “Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia”. 《AP News》. 2023? 1? 31?. 2023? 4? 26?? ???. 
  455. ↑ “Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины”. 《BBC News Русская служба》 (????). 2024? 7? 23?. 2024? 7? 23?? ???. 
  456. ↑ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). 《Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine》 6. Instytut Europy ?rodkowej. hdl:1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3. ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2. 
  457. ↑ “Putin's Strategic Failure”. 《IISS》. 2024? 6? 28?? ???. 
  458. ↑ Humphreys, Richard; Paeg?kalna, Lauma. “Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine”. SSRN 4048994. 
  459. ↑ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (2024? 5? 10?). 《Personalism and Personalist Regimes》 (??). Oxford University Press. 195?. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6. 
  460. ↑ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2023? 12? 6?). 《Armed Conflict Survey 2023》. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5. ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... 
  461. ↑ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (2024? 12? 12?). 《The Armed Conflict Survey 2024》 (??). Taylor & Francis. 82?. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5. 
  462. ↑ “White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine”. 《Sun Sentinel》. 2023? 6? 9?. 2023? 6? 10?? ???. 
  463. ↑ “Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 2? 21?. 2024? 2? 23?? ???. 
  464. ↑ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (2022? 10? 21?). “US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes”. Associated Press. 2023? 5? 3?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 11? 22?? ???. 
  465. ↑ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (2022? 11? 25?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25”. Institute for the Study of War. 2023? 12? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 11? 22?? ???. 
  466. ↑ Hird, Karolina; Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (2022? 10? 12?). “Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 12”. Institute for the Study of War. 2024? 1? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 11? 22?? ???. 
  467. ↑ Axe, David. “Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases”. 《Forbes》. 2024? 1? 8?? ???. 
  468. ↑ “Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?”. 《Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty》. 2024? 1? 8?? ???. 
  469. ↑ Graham-Harrison, Emma; McCurry, Justin (2024? 10? 10?). “North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say”. 《The Guardian》. 2024? 10? 10?? ???. 
  470. ↑ Jochecová, Ketrin (2024? 10? 8?). “North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says”. 《Politico》. 2024? 10? 10?? ???. 
  471. ↑ Lee, Youkyung (2024? 10? 9?). “North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia”. 《Bloomberg》. 2024? 10? 10?? ???. 
  472. ↑ “US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 10? 15?. 2024? 10? 16?? ???. 
  473. ↑ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (2024? 10? 16?). “North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says”. 《NBC News》. 2024? 10? 16?? ???. 
  474. ↑ McCurry, Justin (2024? 10? 16?). “North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far”. 《The Guardian》. 2024? 10? 16?? ???. 
  475. ↑ Cecil, Nicholas (2024? 10? 17?). “Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials”. 《Evening Standard》. 
  476. ↑ “North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia”. 《CNA》. 2024? 10? 22?. 2024? 11? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 11? 2?? ???. North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. 
  477. ↑ “North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia”. 《TRT World》. 2024? 10? 23?. 2024? 11? 2?? ???. 
  478. ↑ Denisova, Kateryna (2024? 10? 22?). “North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors'”. 《The Kyiv Independent》. 2024? 11? 2?? ???. 
  479. ↑ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (2024? 10? 23?). “US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 10? 24?? ???. 
  480. ↑ “Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says”. 《The Guardian》. 2024? 10? 29?. 2024? 10? 29?? ???. 
  481. ↑ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (2024? 10? 28?). “No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 10? 28?? ???. 
  482. ↑ “NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2024? 10? 28?. 2024? 10? 28?? ???. 
  483. ↑ “North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk”. 《Kyiv Post》. 2024? 11? 7?. 2024? 12? 7?? ???. 
  484. ↑ Kang, Taejun (2024? 11? 13?). “US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine”. 《Radio Free Asia》. 2024? 11? 14?? ???. 
  485. ↑ “South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 11? 13?. 2024? 11? 14?? ???. 
  486. ↑ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (2024? 11? 16?). “Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield”. 《NBC News》. 2024? 11? 16?? ???. 
  487. ↑ Vergun, David (2024? 11? 18?). “North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting”. 《U.S. Department of Defence》. 2024? 12? 3?? ???. 
  488. ↑ Zimko, Oleksandra (2024? 11? 24?). “DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region”. 《RBC-Ukraine》. 2024? 12? 7?? ???. 
  489. ↑ “Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive”. 《RBC-Ukraine》. 2024? 12? 3?. 2024? 12? 3?? ???. 
  490. ↑ “2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel”. 《Kyiv Post》. 2024? 12? 3?. 2024? 12? 5?? ???. 
  491. ↑ “North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says”. 《Reuters》. 
  492. ↑ “A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces”. 《AP News》. 2024? 12? 17?. 2024? 12? 18?? ???. 
  493. ↑ “At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea”. 《BBC News》. 2024? 12? 19?. 2024? 12? 21?? ???. 
  494. ↑ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (2024? 12? 10?). 《Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict》. 《Articles of War》 (Lieber Institute). 2025? 1? 8?? ???. 
  495. ↑ “Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy”. 《Radio Free Asia》. 2024? 12? 17?. 2024? 12? 18?? ???. 
  496. ↑ “Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 12? 16?. 2024? 12? 18?? ???. 
  497. ↑ Psaropoulos, John T. (2025? 1? 27?). “North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2025? 1? 27?? ???. 
  498. ↑ Melkozerova, Veronika (2025? 1? 21?). “Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs”. 《Politico》. 2025? 1? 27?? ???. 
  499. ↑ Harding, Luke (2025? 1? 18?). “Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine”. 《The Guardian》. 2025? 1? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 1? 19?? ???. 
  500. ↑ Harvey, Lex (2025? 3? 27?). “North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says”. 《CNN》. 2025? 4? 22?? ???. 
  501. ↑ Munster, Ben (2025? 4? 26?). “Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance”. 《Politico》. 2025? 4? 26?? ???. 
  502. ↑ Shidore, Sarang (2023? 8? 31?). “The Return of the Global South”. 《Foreign Affairs》. 
  503. ↑ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (2023? 3? 16?). “'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia”. 《Politico》. 
  504. ↑ “Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources”. 《Kyodo News》. 2023? 3? 18?. 
  505. ↑ Rettman, Andrew (2023? 5? 9?). “The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate”. 《EU Observer》. 
  506. ↑ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (2024? 4? 6?). “China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns”. 《Bloomberg News》. 2024? 4? 6?? ???. 
  507. ↑ “Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 9? 25?. 2024? 11? 16?? ???. 
  508. ↑ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (2025? 7? 16?). “ADVERSARY ENTENTE TASK FORCE UPDATE, JULY 16”. Institute for the Study of War. 2025? 7? 25?? ???. 
  509. ↑ Walsh, Nick Paton; Davey-Attlee, Florence (2024? 2? 19?). “The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner”. 《CNN》. 2024? 9? 15?? ???. 
  510. ↑ “Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee”. 《FP News》. 2024? 9? 16?? ???. 
  511. ↑ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (2024? 9? 4?). “Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal”. 《Financial Times》. 
  512. ↑ Slattery, Gram (2025? 7? 24?). “Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings”. 《Reuters》. 2025? 7? 24?? ???. 
  513. ↑ Hamourtziadou, Lily (2023? 2? 1?). “Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed”. The Conversation. 
  514. ↑ Kirby, Paul (2023? 4? 13?). “Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll”. 《BBC News》. 
  515. ↑ Meyer, David (2022? 3? 14?). “Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?”. 《Fortune》. 2022? 3? 21?? ???. 
  516. ↑ “Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2022? 4? 8?. 2023? 9? 17?? ???. 
  517. ↑ “Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends”. 《Ukrinform》. 2022? 3? 29?. 
  518. ↑ “'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb”. 《BBC News》. 2023? 8? 29?. 2023? 9? 17?? ???. 
  519. ↑ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (2022? 2? 26?). “Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery.”. 《The Washington Post》. 2023? 9? 19?? ???. 
  520. ↑ “Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know”. 《France 24》. Agence France-Presse. 2022? 4? 13?. 2022? 4? 20?? ???. 
  521. ↑ “Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL”. 《Meduza》. 2022? 10? 12?. 
  522. ↑ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (2022? 6? 16?). “Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister”. 《CNN》. 2022? 9? 15?? ???. 
  523. ↑ Bennetts, Marc (2024? 6? 25?). “Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements”. 《The Times》. 2024? 6? 25?? ???. 
  524. ↑ Yuhas, Alan (2022? 8? 24?). “Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War”. 《The New York Times》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2022? 9? 20?? ???. 
  525. ↑ Shandra, Alya (2022? 8? 30?). “87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer”. 《Euromaidan Press》. 2022? 9? 20?? ???. 
  526. ↑ “Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies”. 《Ukrinform》. 2022? 9? 4?. 2023? 9? 19?? ???. 
  527. ↑ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (2022? 4? 11?). “Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says”. PBS. 2023? 9? 17?? ???. 
  528. ↑ “'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers”. 《The Japan Times》. 2023? 2? 14?. 2023? 9? 26?? ???. Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. 
  529. ↑ “At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine”. 《C.D. Howe Institute》. 2023? 10? 7?? ???. 
  530. ↑ “The Cost of War to Ukraine”. 《The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies》. 2023? 10? 8?? ???. 
  531. ↑ “Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death”. 《AP News》. 2022? 12? 23?. 2023? 10? 1?? ???. 
  532. ↑ “10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead”. Agence France-Presse republished in France 24. 2023? 6? 6?. 2023? 9? 29?? ???. 
  533. ↑ Human Rights Watch/SITU/Truth Hounds, "Our City Was Gone" Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine, p. 147: "Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks."
  534. ↑ “Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 2023? 9? 24?”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2023? 9? 25?. 
  535. ↑ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (2023? 12? 11?). “Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine”. 《PBS NewsHour》. 2024? 5? 17?? ???. 
  536. ↑ Latypova, Leyla (2024? 5? 17?). “2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle”. 《The Moscow Times》. 2024? 5? 17?? ???. 
  537. ↑ Petkova, Mariya (2022? 10? 25?). “'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist”. 《Al Jazeera》. 2024? 5? 17?? ???. 
  538. ↑ Bessonov, Ania (2022? 10? 4?). “Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine”. 《CBC》. 2024? 5? 17?? ???. 
  539. ↑ “Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine”. 《France 24》. 2022? 5? 17?. 2024? 5? 17?? ???. 
  540. ↑ “Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground”. 《BBC News》. 2024? 7? 4?. 
  541. ↑ Porter, Tom (2024? 12? 6?). “Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them”. 《Business Insider》. 
  542. ↑ “Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate”. 《Newsweek》. 2024? 11? 12?. 
  543. ↑ “120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing”, 《Meduza》, 5 7 2024  , ????? Q127245770
  544. ↑ “Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine”. 《The New York Times》. 2024? 4? 24?. 
  545. ↑ Wallensteen 2023, 348?.
  546. ↑ “Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine”. 《Our World in Data》. 2024? 10? 13?? ???. 
  547. ↑ “Country Comparisons — Death rate”. 《The World Factbook》. 2024? 9? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 10? 13?? ???. 
  548. ↑ Nir Hasson (2024? 8? 14?). “The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century”. 《Haaretz》. 2024? 8? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  549. ↑ Stanley, Marcus (2025? 2? 19?). “The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken”. Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft. 
  550. ↑ ? ? Pancevski, Bojan (2024? 9? 17?). 《One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War》. 《The Wall Street Journal》. 2024? 9? 17?? ???. 
  551. ↑ “Civilian casualties in Ukraine reach three-year high in June, UN human rights monitors say | UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine”. 《ukraine.ohchr.org》 (??). 2025? 7? 22?? ???. 
  552. ↑ “Список жертв войны в российских регионах”. 7x7. 2023? 8? 1?. 
  553. ↑ “Важк? цифри: як сприймати нов? дан? про в?йськов? втрати – DW – 27.02.2024”. 《dw.com》 (??????). 2024? 5? 25?? ???. 
  554. ↑ “Ukraine's losses in the war”. 《UALosses》. 2025? 5? 21?. 
  555. ↑ ? ? ? “Иностранный легион. Что известно о потерях иностранцев в составе российских сил в Украине”. BBC. 2025? 7? 11?. 2025? 7? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
    “Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated”. 《Mediazona》. 2025? 5? 23?. 2025? 5? 23?? ???. 
  556. ↑ “Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails”. 《Sky News》 (??). 2025? 5? 16?. 
  557. ↑ “Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says”. 《The Kyiv Independent》 (??). 2025? 4? 24?. 2025? 4? 24?? ???. 
  558. ↑ “Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit”. 2024? 6? 17?. 
  559. ↑ “Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman”. 2024? 12? 16?. 
  560. ↑
  561. ↑ “The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 2022? 2? 25?”. 《Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic》. 2022? 2? 12?. 2022? 3? 21?? ???. 
  562. ↑ “3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 - ombudsperson”. 《lug-info.com》. 2023? 3? 2?. 2023? 3? 2?? ???. 
  563. ↑ “Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded - ombudsperson”. 《lug-info.com》. 2023? 12? 28?. 
  564. ↑ “Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims”. 《The Moscow Times》. 2025? 5? 19?. 
  565. ↑ The Moscow Times (2025? 5? 28?). “Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says”. 《The Moscow Times》. 2025? 5? 28?? ???. 
  566. ↑ “How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?”. 《The Economist》. 2024? 11? 26?. 2024? 11? 26?? ???. 
  567. ↑ Залужний заявив, що втрати Укра?ни у в?йн? досягли критично? меж?, та назвав причини. 《The New Voice of Ukraine》 (??????). 2025? 3? 6?. 
  568. ↑ Hodunova, Kateryna (2025? 2? 17?). “Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says”. 《The Kyiv Independent》 (??). 
  569. ↑ “Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known”. 《France 24》. 2025? 2? 17?. 
  570. ↑ “Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year”. 《USNEWS》. 2025? 2? 13?. 
  571. ↑ “Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories”. 《The New York Times》. 2024? 10? 30?. 
  572. ↑ “Russian losses near record highs, says UK intelligence”. 《RBC-Ukraine》. 2025? 5? 3?. 
  573. ↑ “War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,247”. 《Ukrainska Pravda》. 2025? 7? 24?. 2025? 7? 24?? ???. 
  574. ↑ “Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers”. 《Moscow Times》. 2025? 2? 4?. 
  575. ↑ “N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul”. 
  576. ↑ “Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine”. 《Euronews》. 2024? 10? 11?. 
  577. ↑ “About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says”. 《Euronews》. 2025? 4? 30?. 
    Tong-Hyung, Kim (2025? 1? 13?). “Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect”. 《Associated Press》. 
  578. ↑ “First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine”. 《The Guardian》. 2024? 12? 16?. 
    “30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims”. 《The Kyiv Independent》. 2024? 12? 16?. 
  579. ↑ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (2022? 9? 23?). “U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine”. 《The New York Times》. 2022? 9? 24?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  580. ↑ 《Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine》 (PDF). 《Ukraine》 2. 2022. 2022? 4? 1?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2023? 1? 19?? ??? – United Nations Human Rights Council ??. 
  581. ↑ “Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons”. 《The Guardian》. 2022? 5? 24?. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. 2022? 8? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 1? 19?? ???. 
  582. ↑ 《Cluster Munition Monitor 2022》 (PDF). Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9. 2022? 8? 27?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2023? 1? 19?? ??? – The Monitor ??. 
  583. ↑ “Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, - Kyrylo Budanov”. 《Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine》. 2024? 11? 23?. 
  584. ↑ “Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update” (PDF). 《ukraine.un.org》. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.  Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224.
  585. ↑ “Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says”. 《Reuters》. 2025? 1? 8?. 
  586. ↑ Hambling, David (2024? 10? 11?). “Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians”. 《Forbes》. 2025? 2? 6?? ???. 
  587. ↑ Limaye, Yogita (2024? 10? 31?). “Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine”. 《BBC News》. 2025? 2? 6?? ???. 
  588. ↑ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (2024? 10? 31?). “Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city”. 《The Washington Post》. 2025? 2? 6?? ???. 
  589. ↑ “UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder”. 《OHCHR》. 2025? 5? 28?. 2025? 5? 29?? ???. 
  590. ↑ ? ? “UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine”. 《UN News》. 2024? 3? 20?. 
  591. ↑ “Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine”. 《Associated Press》. 2024? 3? 15?. 
  592. ↑ Hambling, David (2023? 12? 29?). “What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks”. 《Forbes》. 2024? 3? 23?? ???. 
  593. ↑ Field, Matt (2024? 3? 15?). “Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it.”. 《Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists》. 2024? 3? 23?? ???. 
  594. ↑ Rushton, James (2024? 4? 6?). “Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers”. 《The Daily Telegraph》. 2024? 4? 7?? ???. 
  595. ↑ ? ? “Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention”. 《Yale School of Medicine》. 2022? 8? 25?. 2022? 8? 27?? ???. 
  596. ↑ Waterhouse, James (2023? 2? 16?). “Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians”. 《BBC News》. 2025? 2? 26?? ???. 
  597. ↑ “On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace”. 《OHCHR》. 2023? 4? 4?? ???. 
  598. ↑ “Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading”. 《AP News》. 2023? 4? 12?. 2023? 4? 17?? ???. 
  599. ↑ Melkozerova, Veronika (2024? 3? 27?). “Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says”. 《Politico》. 2024? 3? 27?? ???. 
  600. ↑ “Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war”. 《EEAS》. 2024? 10? 16?. 2025? 1? 25?? ???. 
  601. ↑ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 2022? 5? 15? (???). OHCHR. 2022? 6? 29?. 2022? 7? 27?? ???. 
  602. ↑ Shull, Abbie. “Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports”. 《Business Insider》. 2022? 4? 7?? ???. 
  603. ↑ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (2024? 7? 6?). “In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit”. 《The New York Times》. 2025? 3? 4?? ???. 
  604. ↑ “Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (2023? 12? 1? - 2024? 2? 29?)” (PDF). 《ukraine.un.org》. OHCHR. 14–15?. 2025? 3? 13?? ???. 
  605. ↑ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (2024? 6? 12?). “FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites”. 《Financial Times》. 2024? 6? 13?? ???. 
  606. ↑ “US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says”. 《Reuters》. 2024? 6? 12?. 2024? 6? 13?? ???. 
  607. ↑ Hird, Karolina (2025? 3? 24?). “Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children”. 《Institute for the Study of War》. 2025? 4? 17?? ???. 
  608. ↑ Allegretti, Aubrey (2022? 3? 3?). “ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine”. 《The Guardian》. ISSN 0261-3077. 2023? 2? 11?? ???. 
  609. ↑ ? ? “Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest”. 《Reuters》. 2023? 3? 17?. 2023? 3? 18?? ???. 
  610. ↑ 〈10: "World nuclear forces"〉. 《Military Spending and Armaments, 2019》 (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326. 2023? 3? 18?? ???. 
  611. ↑ Bufacchi, Vittorio (2022? 7? 26?). 《War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?》. 《Journal of Political Power》 16. 6?. doi:10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495. hdl:10468/13459. S2CID 251124184. 
  612. ↑ Warburton, Moira (2022? 3? 15?). “U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal”. 《Reuters》. 
  613. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (2023? 9? 24?). “War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine”. 《The Guardian》. 
  614. ↑ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (2023? 3? 28?). 《Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes》. 《Violence》 3. 281–300?. doi:10.1177/26330024231167184. S2CID 257852247. 
  615. ↑ “Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov”. International Criminal Court. 2024? 3? 5?. 2024? 3? 5?? ???. 
  616. ↑ Roth, Andrew (2024? 6? 25?). “ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes”. 《The Guardian》. 2024? 6? 25?? ???. 
  617. ↑ “Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say”. ABC. 2022? 8? 27?. 2022? 8? 27?? ???. 
  618. ↑ “Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR”. 《www.unrefugees.org》 (??). 2025? 4? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 4? 25?? ???. 
  619. ↑ Farge, Emma (2023? 9? 25?). “Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says”. 《Reuters》. 2023? 9? 26?? ???. 
  620. ↑ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (2023? 3? 16?). “UN inquiry finds”. 《Reuters》. 2023? 9? 26?? ???. 
  621. ↑ “Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war”. 《www.who.int》 (??). 2025? 4? 25?? ???. 
  622. ↑ “Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System”. 《PHR》. 2023? 8? 7?. 2023? 12? 17?? ???. 
  623. ↑ “Rome Statute on Cultural Heritage”. 《Monument Watch》 (?? ??). 2023? 10? 4?. 2025? 4? 25?? ???. The destruction or confiscation of cultural heritage, appropriation of it, looting, and other crimes related to cultural heritage are considered war crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . . . The targeting and destruction of cultural property in situations of armed conflict (including occupation) is deemed an act of aggression under Article 8(d) of the International Criminal Court. 
  624. ↑ “Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO”. 《UNESCO》. 2025? 4? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 4? 25?? ???. 
  625. ↑ “Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime”. 《EPP Group in the European Parliament》. 2022? 10? 20?. ???: 2023? 2? 14?.
  626. ↑ “Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat”. Euronews. 2022? 9? 13?. 2022? 11? 11?? ???. 
  627. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (2022? 3? 6?). “Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN”. 《???》. 2022? 3? 8?? ???. 
  628. ↑ ? ? “Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation”. 《??????》. 2022? 7? 23?? ???. 
  629. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (2022? 7? 3?). “Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine”. 《the Guardian》. 2022? 7? 4?? ???. 
  630. ↑ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (2022? 5? 20?). “Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles”. ??? ??? ???. 2022? 5? 20?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 28?? ???. 
  631. ↑ “Ukraine”. 《IDMC》. 2022? 5? 15?? ???. 
  632. ↑ “Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight”. 《ABC ??》. 2022? 2? 26?. 2022? 3? 3?? ???. 
  633. ↑ Carpenter, Charli (2022? 7? 15?). “Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law”. 《?? ???》. 2023? 9? 17?? ???. 
  634. ↑ Tondo, Lorenzo (2022? 3? 9?). “Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war”. 《???》. 2022? 3? 9?? ???. 
  635. ↑ 《Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters》. 《DW ??》. 2022? 3? 5?. 2022? 3? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 8?? ??? – YouTube ??. 
  636. ↑ Klime?ová, Magdaléna; ?atava, Ji?í; Ondru?ka, Michal (2022? 7? 13?). “The situation of refugees from Ukraine”. ?? ?????. 2024? 2? 28?? ???. 
  637. ↑ “??i?leri Bakan? Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynal? sava? sonras? Türkiye'ye geldi” [???? ???: 5?8? ?? ???????? ?? ? ????? ??]. 《BBC》 (?????). 2022? 3? 22?. 2022? 3? 24?? ???. 
  638. ↑ “How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 3? 30?. 2022? 4? 15?? ???. 
  639. ↑ “Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK”. 《gov.uk》. 2022? 12? 21?? ???. 
  640. ↑ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (2022? 7? 14?). “Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine”. 《CNN》. 2022? 10? 19?? ???. 
  641. ↑ ? ? Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (2022? 4? 8?). “Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out”. 《CNN》. 2022? 4? 9?? ???. 
  642. ↑ “Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city”. 《BBC ??》. 2022? 10? 19?. 2022? 10? 19?? ???. 
  643. ↑ Butchenko, Maksym (2022? 4? 15?). “V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa” В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [??? ????. ?? ??, ?? ? ????? ?? – ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??]. 《NV.ua》 (????). 2022? 4? 20?? ???. 
  644. ↑ Kupriyanova, Olga (2022? 3? 24?). “Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu” Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [???? ?? ??? ??: ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????]. 《1+1 (???? ??)》 (????). 2022? 4? 20?? ???. 
  645. ↑ “Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov” Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? – ????]. 《Цензор.НЕТ》 (????). 2022? 4? 21?. 2022? 4? 25?? ???.  ^“Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov” Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? – ????]. 《LIGA》 (????). 2022? 4? 22?. 2022? 4? 25?? ???. 
  646. ↑ “Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri” Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [???? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????]. 《РБК》 (????). 2021? 9? 6?. 
  647. ↑ Margolina, Sonja (2023? 10? 9?). “Nur wer f?llt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine l?uft immer mehr auf eine S?uberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus”. 《??? ??? ???》 (???). 2023? 10? 14?? ???. ?? ?? 40?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ???. [...] ?? ??? 0.7? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???. 
  648. ↑ Stone, Lyman (2023? 3? 22?). “The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia”. 《IFStudies》. 2023? 7? 19?? ???. 
  649. ↑ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (2023? 3? 30?). 《The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population》. 《Population, Space and Place》 29. doi:10.1002/psp.2656. hdl:10023/27301. S2CID 257876682. 
  650. ↑ ? ? Knapp, Andreas (2023? 7? 13?). “Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction”. 《WIIW》. 2023? 7? 19?? ???. 
  651. ↑ “Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die”. 《?????》. 2023? 2? 26?. 
  652. ↑ Goble, Paul (2022? 8? 18?). 《Russia's Demographic Collapse Is Accelerating》. 《Eurasia Daily Monitor》 19 (??? D.C.: ????? ??). 
  653. ↑ “World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column”. 《?? ????? ???》. 2022. 
  654. ↑ “Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse”. 《??????》. 2023? 3? 4?. 
  655. ↑ Jenkins, Brian Michael (2023? 2? 28?). “Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia”. 《The RAND Blog》. 2023? 7? 19?? ???. 
  656. ↑ Smith, Stacey Vanek (2023? 5? 31?). “She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia”. 《NPR》. 
  657. ↑ “Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?”. 《BBC ??》. 2023? 6? 3?. 2023? 7? 9?? ???. 
  658. ↑ Wachs, Johannes (2023? 5? 15?). 《Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine》. 《EPJ Data Science》 12. doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3. PMC 10184088 |pmc= ? ?? ?? (???). PMID 37215283. 
  659. ↑ “The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile”. ???? ???. 2023? 10? 26?. 2023? 10? 27?? ???. 
  660. ↑ Sharma, Shweta (2023? 11? 30?). “Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war”. 《?????》. 2023? 11? 30?? ???. 
  661. ↑ Loh, Matthew (2024? 7? 25?). “Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief”. 《???? ????》. 2024? 7? 29?? ???. 
  662. ↑ Heren, Kit (2024? 7? 24?). “Russia 'would have to lose over 1.5 million soldiers' to achieve Ukraine war goals, new head of British army claims”. 《LBC》. 2024? 7? 29?? ???. 
  663. ↑ "1? ?? ???? ????? ???? 510? ??? ?? ?? ??" e360.yale.edu. 2023? 2? 22?. 2023? 9? 25? ??.
  664. ↑ “'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine”. 《commondreams.org》. 2023? 7? 3?? ???. 
  665. ↑ "????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 10?? ??" PAX for Peace. 2023? 2? 24?. 2023? 9? 25? ??.
  666. ↑ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (2023? 6? 13?). “Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast”. 《???》. ISSN 0261-3077. 2023? 10? 9?? ???. 
  667. ↑ “The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine”. 《International Relations Review》. 2023? 6? 2?. 2023? 6? 7?? ???. 
  668. ↑ Yermak, Andriy; Wallstr?m, Margot (2023? 8? 16?). “Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world”. 《???》. ISSN 0261-3077. 2023? 10? 9?? ???. 
  669. ↑ Gigova, Radina (2023? 7? 2?). “Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?”. 《CNN》. 2023? 9? 25?? ???. 
  670. ↑ Fornusek, Martin (2024? 4? 8?). “Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests”. 《??! ??》. 2024? 4? 12?? ???. 
  671. ↑ Singha, Sutandra (2024? 12? 17?). “Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change”. 《Chintan India foundation blog》. ?? ??. 2025? 1? 13?? ???. 
  672. ↑ “Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine”. 《????》. 2025? 1? 21?? ???. 
  673. ↑ de Guzman, Chad (2023? 5? 19?). “Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave”. 《?? (??)》. 2023? 5? 21?? ???. 
  674. ↑ Tan, Huileng (2023? 5? 22?). “Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it”. 《???? ????》. 2023? 5? 23?? ???. 
  675. ↑ Chin, Yongchang (2023? 5? 21?). “Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy”. 《???? ??》. 2023? 5? 23?? ???. 
  676. ↑ “Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects”. ???. 2024? 12? 5?. 2024? 12? 25?? ???. 
  677. ↑ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (2022? 5? 11?). “US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster”. ???. 2023? 12? 1?? ???. 
  678. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (2023? 9? 26?). “'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief”. ???. 2023? 9? 29?? ???. 
  679. ↑ Dickinson, Peter (2024? 8? 11?). “Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines”. 《???? ???》. 2024? 8? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 8? 15?? ???. 
  680. ↑ “Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert”. 《Arms Control Association》. 2023? 9? 11?? ???. 
  681. ↑ O'Neil, Tyler (2022? 4? 27?). “Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions'”. 《?? ??》. 
  682. ↑ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (2023? 3? 26?). “Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says”. CNN. 2023? 9? 24?? ???. 
  683. ↑ Gill, Victoria (2022? 2? 25?). “Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces”. BBC ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 2? 25?? ???. 
  684. ↑ “'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again”. 《aljazeera.com》. 2022? 8? 7?. 2022? 9? 10?? ???. 
  685. ↑ “U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant”. 《NBC ??》. 2022? 9? 7?. 2022? 9? 7?? ???. 
  686. ↑ Horowitz, Julia (2022? 1? 5?). “Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022”. 《CNN》 (Digital). 2024? 5? 11?? ???. 
  687. ↑ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (2022? 3? 14?). “Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says”. 《???》. 
  688. ↑ Porter, Richard (2022? 3? 31?). “EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown”. 《?? ?? ?? ??》. 
  689. ↑ “Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says”. 《???》 (Digital). 2024? 3? 28?. 2024? 6? 2?? ???. 
  690. ↑ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2022? 3? 2?). “Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues”. 《CNBC》 (Digital). 2024? 5? 10?? ???. 
  691. ↑ “How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?”. 《BBC》 (Digital). 2024? 4? 2?. 2024? 5? 11?? ???. 
  692. ↑ “UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On”. 《??????》. 2022? 3? 16?. 
  693. ↑ “Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected”. 《????》. 2023? 2? 21?. 2024? 5? 11?? ???. 
  694. ↑ Garver, Rob (2024? 2? 8?). “Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions”. 《??? ??》 (Digital). 2024? 6? 2?? ???. 
  695. ↑ Sonne, Paul (2024? 4? 27?). “Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills”. 《?? ???》. 2024? 4? 30?? ???. 
  696. ↑ ? ? ? Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (???). ???? ?? ?? ??? (SITE). April 2025. 2025? 7? 18?? ???. 
  697. ↑ “SITE? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? EU? ??”. 《???? ?????》. ???? ?? ?? ??? (SITE). 2025? 5? 16?. 2025? 7? 18?? ???. 
  698. ↑ ? ? Meredith, Sam (2023? 2? 3?). “Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption”. 《CNBC》 (Digital). 2024? 5? 10?? ???. 
  699. ↑ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (2022? 3? 8?). “EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?”. 《AP (???)》 (Digital). 2024? 5? 11?? ???. 
  700. ↑ Goldman, David (2022? 3? 24?). “Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real”. 《CTV ??》. CNN. 2024? 6? 2?? ???. 
  701. ↑ Gavin, Gabriel (2023? 10? 6?). “Politico” (Digital). 2024? 5? 11?? ???. 
  702. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (2022? 2? 28?). “Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution.”. 《?? ???》. ISSN 0362-4331. 2022? 3? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 3? 16?? ???. 
  703. ↑ “Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions”. 《???? ???》. 2023? 1? 5?. 
  704. ↑ “Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine”. 《BBC ??》. 2024? 6? 14?. 2024? 6? 14?? ???. 
    “Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war”. 《???》. 2024? 6? 14?. 2024? 6? 14?? ???. 
    “Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks”. 《?????? ????》. 2024? 6? 14?. 2024? 6? 14?? ???. 
  705. ↑ ? ? “How to end Russia's war on Ukraine”. ?? ?? ?? ???. 2023? 10? 3?. 
  706. ↑ “Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War”. 《Council of Councils》. ????. 2024? 2? 21?. 
  707. ↑ Karatnycky, Adrian (2023? 12? 19?). “What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine”. 《?? ???》. 
  708. ↑ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (2024? 1? 24?). “What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World”. 《?????????》. 
  709. ↑ Landale, James (2025? 2? 25?). “US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine”. 《BBC Home》. 2025? 7? 9?? ???. 
  710. ↑ Bellinger, John B. III (2022? 2? 28?). “How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law”. 《????》. 2023? 1? 26?? ???. 
  711. ↑ “Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary”. BBC ??. 2023? 2? 23?. 2023? 2? 24?? ???. 
  712. ↑ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (2022? 2? 28?). “Sanctions slams Russian economy”. CNN. 2022? 2? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 5? 28?? ???. 
  713. ↑ “???? ????? ?? ??: EU, ?? ? ?? ?? 18? ??? ??”. ?? ?? ???. 2025? 7? 18?. 2025? 7? 18?? ???. 
  714. ↑ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (2023? 8? 1?). 《The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?》. 《Energy Research & Social Science》 102. Bibcode:2023ERSS..10203150O. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150. 
  715. ↑ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). 《Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine》. 《Nature Energy》 8. 413–421?. Bibcode:2023NatEn...8..413S. doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5. hdl:11250/3106595. 
  716. ↑ “Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep'”. 《???》. 2023? 6? 15?. 
  717. ↑ “EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine”. ?? ??. 
  718. ↑ “EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU”. ?? ??. 
  719. ↑ Eligon, John (2022? 3? 17?). “In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified”. 《?? ???》. 2022? 3? 19?? ???. 
  720. ↑ Tambur, Silver (2022? 2? 26?). “Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine”. ????? ??. 
  721. ↑ Brooks, Hannah (2022? 5? 2?). “Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price”. NBC ??. 
  722. ↑ Srivastava, Mehul (2022? 5? 6?). “Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion”. 《???? ???》. 
  723. ↑ Beardsworth, James (2022? 3? 4?). “Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape”. 《???? ???》. 2022? 3? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  724. ↑ “Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine”. 《?? (??)》. 2022? 3? 11?. 
  725. ↑ Weir, Fred (2022? 12? 5?). “In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison”. 《???? ???? ???》. 
  726. ↑ Garcia, Lucia (2023? 3? 7?). “Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world”. 《?????? ????? ??》. 2023? 7? 7?? ???. 
  727. ↑ “?? ??, ???? ?? ????? ??”. 《???》. 2022? 11? 23?. 2022? 11? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2024? 12? 13?? ???. 
  728. ↑ Fiedler, Tristan (2022? 10? 18?). “Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state”. 《????》. 2023? 6? 8?? ???. 
  729. ↑ “Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow”. 《???? ??》. 2023? 8? 1?. 2023? 8? 3?? ???. 
  730. ↑ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (2022? 9? 30?). “Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory”. 《???》. 2022? 10? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  731. ↑ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (2022? 5? 18?). “Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections”. 《???》. 2022? 5? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. ???? ???? ???? NATO ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? 
  732. ↑ “Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins”. BBC ??. 2023? 4? 4?. 2023? 4? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 
  733. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (2024? 3? 7?). “Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow”. 《?? ???》. 2024? 3? 7?? ???. 
  734. ↑ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (2024? 3? 11?). “Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary”. 《???》. 2024? 3? 14?? ???. 

???

[??]
  1. ↑ ? ? 2022? 9? 30? ???? ????.
  2. ↑ ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.[1] ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??? ????,[2] ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?????.[3] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??.[4]
  3. ↑ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias.
  4. ↑ ?? 25?? ?? ??? ??? 174?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??.
  5. ↑ ?? ??. ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????.
  6. ↑ ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????.[556] ?? ???? ????? ??.[557]
  7. ↑ ???? ?????? 2022? 1? 1??? 2024? 12? 22??? ?? ???? ??? 1,799?? ???? 6,902?? ????? ???.[560] ? ? 2022? 1? 1??? 2? 25??? 8?? ???? 23?? ?????,[561] ??? ?? ?? ?? ? 1,791?? ???? 6,879?? ????.
  8. ↑ 2025? 2? 17? ?? 63,000? ??.[569] ? ? 90%? ???? ????,[570] ?? ? 56,700?? ????.
  9. ↑ ?? ?????? 2024? 10? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? 6?? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ? ??? "?? ??? ??"? ???.[575] ??? ???? ? ??? ????.[576]
  10. ↑ ??? ??? ???? 2021? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???.[646]
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